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Social Psychology, Development and Difference > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What did Franz (1963) say about babies?

What was his experiment?

A

Babies have a preference for looking at humans faces.

He used the “looking chamber” to record babies eye movements to different stimuli.

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2
Q

What is motherese?

A

A high pitched sing song style of speech and is used in all different cultures.

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3
Q

What did DeCasper and Fifer (1980) find and what was their experiment?

A

Newborns recognise their mothers voices. They tested this using a dummy which measured the baby’s sucking pattern on a dummy. The babies learnt to suck in a certain speed to get the mothers voice to play.

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4
Q

Eimas (1972) found what about babies?

A

They recognise different speech sounds that didn’t occur in their native language. However as they grow older they lose this ability.

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5
Q

What is interaction synchrony?

A

Infant mirrors the facial expressions and body movements of their social partner.

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6
Q

What is shared intentionality?

A

Collaborative interactions in which participants share psychological states with one another (for example problem solving activities).

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7
Q

What is the kewpie doll effect (Bolby, 1958, 1969)?

A

Young infants have physical characteristics that adults find attractive.

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8
Q

What is stranger anxiety?
( 3 things )

A
  • Fear of unfamiliar people
  • Strong between 5-7 months
  • Lasts normally until 14 months
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9
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A
  • Fear of being left by primary care giver
  • emerges at 6 months increasing until 15 months, then gradually fades
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10
Q

What is social referencing?

A

An infants tendency to look to trusted adults for emotional cues in interpreting an ambiguous event.

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11
Q

Ainsworth (1978) identified 3 patterns of attachment

A
  • Secure
  • Resistant
  • Avoidant
  • (Later added disorganised/disoriented)
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12
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment?

A

Not too bothered by stranger and mother’s departure, reluctant to cling and lack of delight when mother returns.

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13
Q

What is securely attached?

A

Crying when mother leaves, searches for her and is delighted when returns.

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14
Q

What is insecure attachment?

A

Cling to mothers but don’t show distress of departure, reuniting may bring joy and a lot of crying.

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15
Q

Benefits of secure attachment in the long term?

A

Basic trust, more intelligent, better development and optimism.

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16
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Nature - genetics
Nurture - environmental influences

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17
Q

What is a neurodevelopment disorder/condition?

A

Genetic or environmental factors influence the development of the brain and/or nervous system.

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18
Q

Genotype?
Phenotype?

A

The genetic makeup of a person

Observable characteristics (hair colour)

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19
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Environmental hazards with negative effects on prenatal development.

Maternal stress can be a teratogen
Smoking
Industrial chemicals
Heavy metals
Maternal age

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20
Q

What percentage weight is the brain at birth in comparison to its adult weight.

A

25%

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21
Q

What is myelination?

A

Process of costing the axon with fatty substance called myelin

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22
Q

Size constancy is assumed to be…

A

Innate

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23
Q

Experiment to test depth perception for babies is…

A

Visual cliff

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24
Q

By what age do infants have a visual recognition memory?

A

3 months

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25
What are the three methods for assessing infant memory?
Habituation/dishabituation Conjugate-reinforcement Deferred imitation
26
What did they find from the mobile conjugate reinforcement procedure?
Infants appear to remember the specific details of the original stimulus. For example, babies are more likely to kick to a similar mobile than a dissimilar one to the one they remember.
27
What was Bauer et al (2000) experiment on deferred imitation?
1. Placed bar across two posts 2. Hung a plate from the bar 3. Struck the plate with a mallet Babies remembered this up to 12 months later.
28
What is piagets 3 stage theory?
Cognitive development Intelligence Schemata
29
Three types of schemata recognition
Behavioural or sensorimotor- organised behaviour pattern. Symbolic - mental symbols. Operational - mental activities that the child performs on his or her objects of thought.
30
Three ways learning occurs using schemata
Organisation - combining schemata into complex structures Assimilation - interpreting new experiences by incorporating them into existing schemata Accommodation- modifying existing schemata to explain new experiences
31
4 key facts of piagets theory of development
1. Four stages of cognitive development 2. Stages occur in an invariant sequence 3. Ages associated with stages are approximate 4. Development is potentially influenced by environment
32
What age is object Permanence mastered?
18 months
33
What is differed imitation?
Imitating an action a long time after it was observed.
34
When is the pre-operational stage?
2-7 years
35
When is the sensorimotor stage?
0-24 months
36
Key aspects of the pre-operational stage
The symbolic function - mental symbols that represent the world Animism - lifelike qualities to inanimate objects Transductive reasoning - wrongly assuming contiguous events are related Egocentrism- viewing world from their perspective Failure to conserve quantity - children are mislead by superficial changes in appearance when judging quantity
37
What experiment can be used to test egocentrism?
The three mountain problem
38
How to test failure to conserve? And why do children fail this?
Glasses of water, length of a line and area. They fail as they exhibit centration - a tendency to focus on a single attribute of an object.
39
When is the concrete operational stage?
7-11
40
Features of the concrete operational stage?
Seriation - children can now organise a set of objects Transitivity - they can draw inferences based on relations among elements Linguistic humour - children enjoy jokes based on double meaning of words Concrete thinking - they can think of real or easily imaginable operations but not abstract ideas
41
When is the formal operational stage?
12+
42
What is included in the formal operational stage?
Abstract - solving problems such as algebra Idealistic - ideals of themselves or the world Logical - problem solving skills such as testing ideas
43
Evaluation of this piagets theory
Some tasks too difficult/language too complex and some children as young as 3 give non egocentric responses. However he said… Learning from observation is possible and can be promoted to children to revise existing schemas.
44
What is vygotskys sociocultural theory?
Higher mental functions grow out of the social interactions and dialogues that take place between a child and a parent, teacher or from culture. These interactions internalise mature and effective ways of thinking and problem solving.
45
What are vygotskys key stages to language thought development?
1. External speech 2. Egocentric speech 3. Internal speech
46
What is the zone of proximal development?
Range of tasks that a child cannot get accomplish without active assistance. The framework of support is called scaffolding.
47
What does make believe play help develop?
It helps to separate thinking from objects and develops self regulation.
48
What are executive functions?
Higher cognitive skills such as planning and thinking ahead. Also children with higher EF out perform children with low EF
49
What is cognitive inhibition?
Ability to control distracting stimuli.
50
3 types of attention
Sustained Selective Adaptive
51
What is epigenics?
The study of how environmental experiences affect the expression of genes.
52
What is the transactional model? Chandler and sameroff (1975).
The environment and the child tend to mutually alter each other. It explains how a child’s innate temperament interacts with the environment over the course of development to form the adult personality.
53
What is alberts banduras 3 way transactional model?
Personal Environmental determinants Behavioural determinants
54
What is the biopsychosocial model?
Biological risks Psychology stresses Social pressure
55
Examples of biological factors?
Hormones Stress reactivity Drug effects Brain injury Brain age Genetics
56
What is the developmental systems theory?
Nature and nurture factors combining to influence development.
57
What is the ecological systems theory? Urie bronfenbrenner
Explains how children develop within the context of multiple environments.
58
Order of ecological systems from smallest to biggest.
Microsystems Mesosystems Ecosystems Macrosystems Chronosystems
59
What is the microsystem
School, peers, family and neighbourhood
60
What is the mesosystem?
Link between home and school, friends and family and community
61
What is the exosystem?
Extended family, health services, media and social services
62
What is the macro system?
Society, politics, nationality and culture
63
What is chronosystem
Effects of time or historical period oh a child developments. This includes changes in address, family structure and parents employment.
64
What is proximal processes?
Bronfenbrenner used this term to describe the process that drives development. This includes repeat interactions with family, friends and activities
65
What are cohort effects?
A group of people that share similar experiences growing up as they live in a similar place and time. People in different generations will have different experiences
66
What is the waterfall analogy?
Development reflects the operation of multiple mechanisms and can change at multiple levels.
67
What are the types of play?
Locomotor play Object play Language play Social okay Pretend play
68
What is locomotor play?
Rhythmic stereotypes Exercise play Rough and tumble play
69
What is object play?
Mouthing objects and dropping them Moving objects
70
Why is pretend play important?
Understand symbols Innate between 18-24 months Relation between pretending and social-emotional development
71
What does Piaget say about pretend play?
Play is opposite of imitation He saw it as evidence of a immature cognitive system
72
What does vygotsky say about pretend play?
Play promotes cognitive development and creates the zone of proximal development.
73
When to use a unrelated t test?
Looking for differences between means of two conditions The scores are unrelated Data fits parametric assumptions
74
What is parallel play?
Children playing alongside each tiger but not interacting
75
Which theorist saw or pretending as an example of an immature cognitive system?
Piaget
76
Will a 3 year old say there are crayons or bandaids in the box
Bandaids
77
At what age did children pass false belief tests?
4-5
78
What does theory of mind mean?
All people have beliefs and desires The beliefs and desires of others are not necessarily the same as ours Beliefs can be true or false
79
What kind of parental feedback best discouraged anti-social behaviour?
Explaining consequences of misbehaviour to others feelings
80
What is a risk factor for aggression in children?
Insecure attachment Use of psychical punishment Lack of parental monitoring

Social Psychology, Development and Difference (1 decks)

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