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Social Psychology, Development and Difference > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Franz (1963) say about babies?

What was his experiment?

A

Babies have a preference for looking at humans faces.

He used the “looking chamber” to record babies eye movements to different stimuli.

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2
Q

What is motherese?

A

A high pitched sing song style of speech and is used in all different cultures.

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3
Q

What did DeCasper and Fifer (1980) find and what was their experiment?

A

Newborns recognise their mothers voices. They tested this using a dummy which measured the baby’s sucking pattern on a dummy. The babies learnt to suck in a certain speed to get the mothers voice to play.

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4
Q

Eimas (1972) found what about babies?

A

They recognise different speech sounds that didn’t occur in their native language. However as they grow older they lose this ability.

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5
Q

What is interaction synchrony?

A

Infant mirrors the facial expressions and body movements of their social partner.

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6
Q

What is shared intentionality?

A

Collaborative interactions in which participants share psychological states with one another (for example problem solving activities).

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7
Q

What is the kewpie doll effect (Bolby, 1958, 1969)?

A

Young infants have physical characteristics that adults find attractive.

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8
Q

What is stranger anxiety?
( 3 things )

A
  • Fear of unfamiliar people
  • Strong between 5-7 months
  • Lasts normally until 14 months
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9
Q

What is separation anxiety?

A
  • Fear of being left by primary care giver
  • emerges at 6 months increasing until 15 months, then gradually fades
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10
Q

What is social referencing?

A

An infants tendency to look to trusted adults for emotional cues in interpreting an ambiguous event.

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11
Q

Ainsworth (1978) identified 3 patterns of attachment

A
  • Secure
  • Resistant
  • Avoidant
  • (Later added disorganised/disoriented)
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12
Q

What is insecure avoidant attachment?

A

Not too bothered by stranger and mother’s departure, reluctant to cling and lack of delight when mother returns.

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13
Q

What is securely attached?

A

Crying when mother leaves, searches for her and is delighted when returns.

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14
Q

What is insecure attachment?

A

Cling to mothers but don’t show distress of departure, reuniting may bring joy and a lot of crying.

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15
Q

Benefits of secure attachment in the long term?

A

Basic trust, more intelligent, better development and optimism.

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16
Q

Nature vs nurture

A

Nature - genetics
Nurture - environmental influences

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17
Q

What is a neurodevelopment disorder/condition?

A

Genetic or environmental factors influence the development of the brain and/or nervous system.

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18
Q

Genotype?
Phenotype?

A

The genetic makeup of a person

Observable characteristics (hair colour)

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19
Q

What is a teratogen?

A

Environmental hazards with negative effects on prenatal development.

Maternal stress can be a teratogen
Smoking
Industrial chemicals
Heavy metals
Maternal age

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20
Q

What percentage weight is the brain at birth in comparison to its adult weight.

A

25%

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21
Q

What is myelination?

A

Process of costing the axon with fatty substance called myelin

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22
Q

Size constancy is assumed to be…

A

Innate

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23
Q

Experiment to test depth perception for babies is…

A

Visual cliff

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24
Q

By what age do infants have a visual recognition memory?

A

3 months

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25
Q

What are the three methods for assessing infant memory?

A

Habituation/dishabituation
Conjugate-reinforcement
Deferred imitation

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26
Q

What did they find from the mobile conjugate reinforcement procedure?

A

Infants appear to remember the specific details of the original stimulus.

For example, babies are more likely to kick to a similar mobile than a dissimilar one to the one they remember.

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27
Q

What was Bauer et al (2000) experiment on deferred imitation?

A
  1. Placed bar across two posts
  2. Hung a plate from the bar
  3. Struck the plate with a mallet

Babies remembered this up to 12 months later.

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28
Q

What is piagets 3 stage theory?

A

Cognitive development
Intelligence
Schemata

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29
Q

Three types of schemata recognition

A

Behavioural or sensorimotor- organised behaviour pattern.

Symbolic - mental symbols.

Operational - mental activities that the child performs on his or her objects of thought.

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30
Q

Three ways learning occurs using schemata

A

Organisation - combining schemata into complex structures

Assimilation - interpreting new experiences by incorporating them into existing schemata

Accommodation- modifying existing schemata to explain new experiences

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31
Q

4 key facts of piagets theory of development

A
  1. Four stages of cognitive development
  2. Stages occur in an invariant sequence
  3. Ages associated with stages are approximate
  4. Development is potentially influenced by environment
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32
Q

What age is object Permanence mastered?

A

18 months

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33
Q

What is differed imitation?

A

Imitating an action a long time after it was observed.

34
Q

When is the pre-operational stage?

A

2-7 years

35
Q

When is the sensorimotor stage?

A

0-24 months

36
Q

Key aspects of the pre-operational stage

A

The symbolic function - mental symbols that represent the world

Animism - lifelike qualities to inanimate objects

Transductive reasoning - wrongly assuming contiguous events are related

Egocentrism- viewing world from their perspective

Failure to conserve quantity - children are mislead by superficial changes in appearance when judging quantity

37
Q

What experiment can be used to test egocentrism?

A

The three mountain problem

38
Q

How to test failure to conserve?

And why do children fail this?

A

Glasses of water, length of a line and area.

They fail as they exhibit centration - a tendency to focus on a single attribute of an object.

39
Q

When is the concrete operational stage?

A

7-11

40
Q

Features of the concrete operational stage?

A

Seriation - children can now organise a set of objects

Transitivity - they can draw inferences based on relations among elements

Linguistic humour - children enjoy jokes based on double meaning of words

Concrete thinking - they can think of real or easily imaginable operations but not abstract ideas

41
Q

When is the formal operational stage?

A

12+

42
Q

What is included in the formal operational stage?

A

Abstract - solving problems such as algebra

Idealistic - ideals of themselves or the world

Logical - problem solving skills such as testing ideas

43
Q

Evaluation of this piagets theory

A

Some tasks too difficult/language too complex and some children as young as 3 give non egocentric responses.

However he said…

Learning from observation is possible and can be promoted to children to revise existing schemas.

44
Q

What is vygotskys sociocultural theory?

A

Higher mental functions grow out of the social interactions and dialogues that take place between a child and a parent, teacher or from culture.

These interactions internalise mature and effective ways of thinking and problem solving.

45
Q

What are vygotskys key stages to language thought development?

A
  1. External speech
  2. Egocentric speech
  3. Internal speech
46
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

Range of tasks that a child cannot get accomplish without active assistance. The framework of support is called scaffolding.

47
Q

What does make believe play help develop?

A

It helps to separate thinking from objects and develops self regulation.

48
Q

What are executive functions?

A

Higher cognitive skills such as planning and thinking ahead.

Also children with higher EF out perform children with low EF

49
Q

What is cognitive inhibition?

A

Ability to control distracting stimuli.

50
Q

3 types of attention

A

Sustained
Selective
Adaptive

51
Q

What is epigenics?

A

The study of how environmental experiences affect the expression of genes.

52
Q

What is the transactional model?
Chandler and sameroff (1975).

A

The environment and the child tend to mutually alter each other. It explains how a child’s innate temperament interacts with the environment over the course of development to form the adult personality.

53
Q

What is alberts banduras 3 way transactional model?

A

Personal
Environmental determinants
Behavioural determinants

54
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A

Biological risks
Psychology stresses
Social pressure

55
Q

Examples of biological factors?

A

Hormones
Stress reactivity
Drug effects
Brain injury
Brain age
Genetics

56
Q

What is the developmental systems theory?

A

Nature and nurture factors combining to influence development.

57
Q

What is the ecological systems theory?
Urie bronfenbrenner

A

Explains how children develop within the context of multiple environments.

58
Q

Order of ecological systems from smallest to biggest.

A

Microsystems
Mesosystems
Ecosystems
Macrosystems
Chronosystems

59
Q

What is the microsystem

A

School, peers, family and neighbourhood

60
Q

What is the mesosystem?

A

Link between home and school, friends and family and community

61
Q

What is the exosystem?

A

Extended family, health services, media and social services

62
Q

What is the macro system?

A

Society, politics, nationality and culture

63
Q

What is chronosystem

A

Effects of time or historical period oh a child developments. This includes changes in address, family structure and parents employment.

64
Q

What is proximal processes?

A

Bronfenbrenner used this term to describe the process that drives development. This includes repeat interactions with family, friends and activities

65
Q

What are cohort effects?

A

A group of people that share similar experiences growing up as they live in a similar place and time. People in different generations will have different experiences

66
Q

What is the waterfall analogy?

A

Development reflects the operation of multiple mechanisms and can change at multiple levels.

67
Q

What are the types of play?

A

Locomotor play
Object play
Language play
Social okay
Pretend play

68
Q

What is locomotor play?

A

Rhythmic stereotypes
Exercise play
Rough and tumble play

69
Q

What is object play?

A

Mouthing objects and dropping them
Moving objects

70
Q

Why is pretend play important?

A

Understand symbols
Innate between 18-24 months
Relation between pretending and social-emotional development

71
Q

What does Piaget say about pretend play?

A

Play is opposite of imitation

He saw it as evidence of a immature cognitive system

72
Q

What does vygotsky say about pretend play?

A

Play promotes cognitive development and creates the zone of proximal development.

73
Q

When to use a unrelated t test?

A

Looking for differences between means of two conditions

The scores are unrelated

Data fits parametric assumptions

74
Q

What is parallel play?

A

Children playing alongside each tiger but not interacting

75
Q

Which theorist saw or pretending as an example of an immature cognitive system?

A

Piaget

76
Q

Will a 3 year old say there are crayons or bandaids in the box

A

Bandaids

77
Q

At what age did children pass false belief tests?

A

4-5

78
Q

What does theory of mind mean?

A

All people have beliefs and desires

The beliefs and desires of others are not necessarily the same as ours

Beliefs can be true or false

79
Q

What kind of parental feedback best discouraged anti-social behaviour?

A

Explaining consequences of misbehaviour to others feelings

80
Q

What is a risk factor for aggression in children?

A

Insecure attachment
Use of psychical punishment
Lack of parental monitoring

Social Psychology, Development and Difference (1 decks)

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