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Lab Equipment and Safety > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Universal precautions:

A

Set of precautions that assume all patients are positive for blood borne pathogens (1985)

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2
Q

Body substance isolation procedures:

A

Same as universal precautions, but applies to all body fluids (1987)

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3
Q

Five steps of standard precautions:

A
  1. Education (training for safe handling)
  2. Hand washing
  3. PPE
  4. Decontaminate surfaces
  5. Safe handling/disposal of contaminated materials
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4
Q

Isolation precautions (contact):

A

-C. diff, norovirous
-gown + gloves

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5
Q

Isolation precautions (droplet):

A

> 5 microns
-mumps, influenza
-mask, goggles, face shield

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6
Q

Isolation precautions (airborne):

A

< 5 microns
-tuberculosis, chicken pox
-gown, gloves, goggles, N95

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7
Q

Donning PPE order:

A

-HH
-Gown
-Mask
-Eyewear
-Gloves

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8
Q

Doffing PPE order:

A

-Gloves
-Gown
-HH
-Eyewear
-Mask
-HH

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9
Q

Proper glove removal:

A

Glove-to-glove
Skin-to-skin

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10
Q

Small spills:

A

< 10mL
-Cover with paper towels
-Pour disinfectant from outside in
-Wait 30 min
-Remove towels with forceps
-Repeat

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11
Q

Large spills:

A

> 10mL
-Hold breath and move away
-Inform others
-Wait 10-30 min
-Follow small spill procedure

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12
Q

Spills in centrifuge:

A

-Turn off
-Don PPE
-Wait 30 min
-Remove all broken items & place in disinfectant
-Place unbroken specimens in disinfectant
-Disinfect bowl
-Dispose of cloths
-Remove sealed bucket to BSC (unless something broke, then autoclave it all)

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13
Q

Spills in a BSC:

A

-Fan on
-Pour disinfectant to dilute 10 fold
-Wait 30 min

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14
Q

Spill kits contain:

A

-Additional PPE
-Towels + spill sock
-Container for disposal of contaminated spill kit items
-Forceps
-Disinfectant
-Autoclavable dust pan + brush
-Heavy duty polyethylene bags
-Activated charcoal
-Acid + caustic neutralizers
-Mercury vacuum/spill kit

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15
Q

Leaking specimens:

A

-Rejected unless irretrievable
-Inform others
-Don PPE
-Place in tray in large ziplock & move to BSC
-Perform small spill procedure where specimen was
-In BSC use paster pipette to transfer specimen to clean container
-If requisition is contaminated place in plastic until copied
-After transfer flood tray + contents with disinfectant for several hours then autoclave

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16
Q

General chemical storage:

A

-Keep secure
-Minimize quantities kept in lab
-Use unbreakable/shatterproof containers
-Store hazard liquids where spills can be contained
-Keep large containers on low shelves
-Store liquids below eye level
-Separate chemicals by reactivity class and flammability
-Keep current inventory list

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17
Q

Classes of fire:

A

-Class A: combustible solids (paper, wood)
-Class B: liquid fuels (organic solvents, oil)
-Class C: electrical
-Class D: flammable metals (Na, K)

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18
Q

Types of fire extinguishers:

A

-Carbon dioxide: class B+C
-A-B-C dry chemical: class A+B+C
-Water: class A
-Class D dry chemical: class D

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19
Q

PASS technique:

A

Pull
Aim
Squeeze
Sweep

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20
Q

Emergency fire procedures:

A

-Alert others
-Call fire department/institutional emergency line
-Evacuate lab and close door
-Pull nearest alarm
-Exit building
-If exit not possible enter designated refuge area, close door, place wet towels around openings and inform someone of your location
-Only use extinguishers on small fires
-Never use fire blanket, only stop drop and roll

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21
Q

Needle stick injuries:

A

-Clean exposed area with soap + water
-Use eyewash station on mucous membranes
-Avoid chemicals/antiseptics
-Don’t milk wound
-Allow free bleeding then cover lightly
-Identify source/patient/sample code & report to supervisor immediately
-Follow internal procedures

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22
Q

Hand washing technique:

A

-Wet hands
-Apply soap
-Lather entire hands for 15sec minimum
-Dry hands
-Use paper towel to close tap
-Dispose of paper towel

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23
Q

Four moments of hand hygiene:

A
  1. Upon entering patient area
  2. Immediately before aseptic procedures
  3. Immediately after exposure risk & glove removal
  4. Upon leaving
24
Q

Eye wash procedure:

A

-Proceed directly to station
-Activate unit
-Hold eyes open & roll back and forth to rinse entire eye
-Flush for minimum 15min
-Flush 1min before removing contact lenses, then flush 15min
-Seek medical treatment

25
Q

Emergency shower:

A

-Proceed directly to station
-Activate unit
-Remove clothing
-Flush minimum 15min
-Seek medical treatment

26
Q

Biohazard waste disposal:

A

-Large biohazard boxes (brutes): CONTAMINATED NON-SHARPS (visibly soiled gloves, used gauze)
-Sharps containers: CONTAMINATED SHARPS (lancets, used needles)
-Biohazard sharps pail: OTHER CONTAMINATED SHARPS (used glass slides, test tubes) & NON-CONTAMINATED SHARPS (broken glass)
-Regular garbage for NON-CONTAMINATED NON-SHARPS (gloves, paper towel)

27
Q

Volumetric glassware:

A

-Measures accurate volumes
-Calibration is a lengthy process
-Costs more than non-calibrated
-Must be high quality, transparent, & free from irregularities/defects

28
Q

Graduated glassware:

A

-Piece of glassware with calibrated markings
-Measures approximate liquid volumes
-Poor accuracy compared to volumetric

29
Q

Reading the meniscus:

A

-Always read from the bottom
-Determine how many sig figs you have
-always some uncertainty

30
Q

Blow out:

A

-Pipettes designed to have the bulb blow out all contained liquid
-Determined by presence of etched rings at top

31
Q

Volumetric pipettes:

A

-Deliver a fixed volume by drainage
-Highly accurate
-Usually 1-100mL

32
Q

Ostwald Folin Pipettes:

A

-Deliver a fixed volume
-Lower pear-shaped bulb
-Blow out
-Used for viscous fluids (blood, serum)

33
Q

Serological pipettes:

A

-Graduated
-Larger orifice
-Drains quickly
-Calibrated from tip to zero
-Less accurate than volumetric & mohr
-Blow out

34
Q

Mohr pipettes:

A

-Tip volume is unknown
-Designed to deliver multiple volumes
-Not to be used for a single volume
-Not blow out

35
Q

Proper pipetting technique:

A

-Use bulb to draw liquid up past calibration mark
-Quickly replace bulb with finger
-Wipe outside of pipette
-Use finger to slowly drain liquid to set the meniscus
-Drain into receiving container holding receiving container at an angle
-Allow fluid to drain
-Determine if pipette is blow out or not

36
Q

Cleaning pipettes:

A

-Place in a container of 10% bleach, tip side up
-Soak minimum 30min
-Rinsed 1-2hrs in tap water
-Rinsed 2-3 times in distilled water
-Dry in hot air oven

37
Q

Cleaning glassware:

A

-Can be left to soak overnight in water + detergent until you have time to wash
-Decontaminate prior to cleaning by pre-soaking in 5% bleach
-After washing rinse 4-5 times in tap water then 2-3 times in distilled water

38
Q

Disposable transfer pipettes:

A

-Most commonly used transfer pipette
-One piece
-Safe method for liquid transfer
-Sizes vary
-Can be sterile or non-sterile

39
Q

Automatic pipettes:

A

-Used for rapid, repetitive measurements of small volumes, usually in micro litres
-You set the volume (within range)
-Uses disposable plastic tips
-No need to wipe (non-wettable tips)
-Most auto-eject tips
-Frequent calibration required

40
Q

Disadvantages of plastic ware:

A

-Leaching into solutions
-Some permeability to water vapour
-Absorption of dyes, stains, proteins
-Affected by oxidizing agents
-Some soluble in toluene, chloroform
-Affected by sunlight
-Organic solvents can evaporate through
-Cannot be heated

41
Q

Polyolefins:

A

-Used for polyethylene & polypropylene
-Most widely used plastic
-No reaction with most chemicals
-Reacts with strong oxidizers at high temps

42
Q

Polycarbonate resin:

A

-Physically strong
-Heat & scratch resistant
-Glass-like transparency

43
Q

Tygon:

A

-Clear
-Non-toxic
-Flexible
-Unreactive
-Can be autoclaved
-Plastic tubing

44
Q

Teflon fluorocarbon resin:

A

-Resists most chemicals
-Withstands -270-255 degrees C
-Expensive
-Bottles, beakers, cylinders

45
Q

Polystyrene:

A

-Vinyl polymer
-Inexpensive
-Mostly disposable
-Second most common

46
Q

Borosilicate glass:

A

-High thermal resistance
-Low alkali
-Heat up to 600C
-Shock resistant
-Pyrex, Kimax, Exax, Vycor, Corex
-Beakers, flasks, pipettes

47
Q

Alumina glass:

A

-High silicate content
-Chemically strengthened
-Radiation, heat, & acid resistant
-Good precision
-Microscopes, lenses, cuvettes

48
Q

Acid/Alkali resistant glass:

A

-Resists corrosion & thermal shock
-Boron free. weaker than borosilicate
-“Soft glass”
-Not resistant to thermal shock
-Not very common

49
Q

Flint glass:

A

-Oxides of silicon, Ca, Na
-Clear
-Cheapest
-No heat or thermal shock resistance
-Used for disposability

50
Q

Low actinic glass:

A

-Brown or amber
-Stores light-sensitive materials
-Can be any type of glass

51
Q

Labeling containers:

A

-Supplier labels (product identifier, initial supplier identifier, pictogram(s), signal word, hazard statements, precautionary statements, supplemental info, easily displayed)
-Workplace labels (required when hazard is transferred, name, safe handling, SDS reference)

52
Q

Calibration of volumetric glassware:

A

-Determines exact volume
-Marked in graduations
-Checked against specifications
-Performed by weight with distilled water

53
Q

Preparing reagents in a volumetric flask:

A

-Always add chemical to water
-Use solvent to rinse all solute from weighing vessel if solute is solid
-Add liquid solvent to flask to just below neck
-Stopper flask & mix by inversion
-Add solvent with transfer pipette drowse up to calibration mark
-Ensure fluid is at room temp first

54
Q

Absolute and relative uncertainty:

A

-Absolute: X plus or minus Y
-Relative: absolute divided by measurement time 100%

55
Q

Accuracy:

A

-Closeness to true volume
-Can describe technique
-Can describe glassware
-Lower uncertainty = higher accuracy

56
Q

Precision:

A

-Reproducibility
-Technique
-Getting same results from same test = precision
-Glassware (if a pipette always delivers same volume)
-Not necessarily accurate (multiple identical but inaccurate results

Lab Equipment and Safety (3 decks)

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