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General Biology II > Lectures 1-3 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life.
  2. All living things are made up of cells.
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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2
Q

What are the roles of enzymes?

A

To catalyze cellular reactions.

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer and contains proteins and lipids.

The role of the plasma membrane bilayer is to control cell transport (what goes in and out) and maintain the structural integrity of the cell.

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4
Q

How do ribosomes make proteins?

A

They use the code from mRNA and tRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptides.

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5
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It synthesizes large molecules such as lipids and carbohydrates and detoxifies molecules.

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6
Q

What is the role of the Golgi?

What are its two faces?

A

It packages and ships proteins within the cell or beyond the cell.

The trans face of the Golgi is the one that faces towards the outside of the cell. The face from which vesicles enter the Golgi is the cis face, which faces the nuclear side of the cell.

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7
Q

What is the role of the lysosome?

A

The lysosome contains digestive enzymes that digest food particles, bacteria and worn out organelles.

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8
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A

It metabolizes sugars to produce ATP.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the mitochondria.

A

Its outer membrane is eukaryotic, and its inner membrane is prokaryotic, it is called cristae.

The inner membrane space is called the matrix.

It contains prokaryotic ribosomes and its own prokaryotic circular DNA.

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10
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Chloroplasts use solar energy to create sugar and ATP.

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11
Q

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

A

It has a eukaryotic outer membrane and a prokaryotic inner membrane. The inner space is called the stroma.

It contains stacks of thylakoids called granum and its own prokaryotic ribosomes and DNA.

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12
Q

What are the four types of macromolecules?

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Carbohydrates
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13
Q

How are polymers synthesized?

A

Polymers are chains of monomers stuck together using dehydration synthesis reactions.

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14
Q

What is the opposite of the dehydration synthesis reaction?

A

Hydrolysis reaction, in which H2O is used to separate monomers.

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15
Q

What are the 7 functions of the proteins? Give an example for each.

A
  • Enzyme catalysis ex. luciferase in fireflies
  • Support (or structure) ex. elastin or keratin
  • Regulation ex. insulin
  • Motion (muscles) ex. actin or myosin
  • Transport ex. lac permease or hemoglobin
  • Defense ex. immunoglobulins
  • Storage ex. casein or albumin
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16
Q

How many amino acids are there?
What differentiates different amino acids?
What are the categories of amino acids?

A

There are 20 amino acids, categorized as non-polar, polar uncharged, and polar charged depending on their R group.

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17
Q

How many amino acids can human synthesize? What are the others called?

A

Humans can synthesize 11/20 amino acids. The other 9 are called essential amino acids.

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18
Q

What is the primary level of protein structure?

A

The primary level of protein structure consists of the sequence of amino acids that make up the protein.

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19
Q

What is the name of the bond that binds amino acids to make chains?

A

Peptide bonds.

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20
Q

What are the N and the C terminals of an amino acid chain? Which is amino acid number 1?

A

The N terminal is where there is the amino group and the C terminal is where lies the carboxyl group.

When counting, the first amino acid is located at the N terminal.

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21
Q

What is the secondary structure of the protein?

A

The secondary level of protein organization is comprised of alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets.

22
Q

How are alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets made?

A

These secondary structures are made by hydrogen bonding between the BACKBONE of the amino acid.

23
Q

What is the tertiary level of protein organization?

A

The third level of protein organization is the 3-dimentional structure of the proteins. This is determined by the nature of the R groups of the amino acids.

24
Q

What are the interactions that lead to tertiary organization?

A
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • ionic bonds
  • Disulfide bridges (Cysteine only)
  • Van der Waal forces and hydrophobic exclusions
25
Q

Do all proteins have quaternary structure?

A

No, only primary through tertiary levels of organization are present in all proteins, only some proteins manifest the quaternary level of organization.

26
Q

What is hydrophobic exclusion?

A

Since the cell is mostly water, hydrophobic exclusion of non-polar amino acids creates groups of non-polar amino acids.

27
Q

What is the quaternary structure of the protein?

A

In some proteins, such as human insulin, the protein is made up of multiple polypeptide chains that are bound together to adopt the protein’s function.

28
Q

What is it called when the protein loses its structure?

When does this happen?

A

Denaturation.

This process happens when the protein is subject to heat, radiation, and treatment with acid among other processes.

29
Q

What are the proteins that help fold proteins called?

A

Chaperones.

30
Q

What are protein motifs?

A

Some common patterns that are found in protein structure. Examples are helix turn helix and beta barrel.

31
Q

What are protein domains?

A

Domains are different parts of some larger proteins that accomplish different functions.

32
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of the carbohydrate?

A

The monomer is the monosaccharide or simple sugar.

The polymer is the polysaccharide.

33
Q

What are the different monosaccharides? What is the general formula of a monosaccharide?

A

There are 6 carbon sugars, fructose, glucose and galactose, 5 carbon sugars, ribose and deoxyribose, and 3 carbon sugars such as glyceraldehyde.

The general formula is C1H2O1.

34
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Used primarily as energy sources or structural elements.

35
Q

What is the relationship between alpha and beta glucose? What polysaccharide are they each found in?

A

Alpha and beta glucose are stereoisomers. They differ only by the orientation of a hydroxyl group (OH).

Alpha glucose is found in starch, beta glucose is found in cellulose. Humans can digest starch but cannot digest cellulose.

36
Q

What is the function of starch in plants? What polysaccharide has the same function in animals?

A

Starch is used to store energy, it can be hundreds of alpha glucoses long.

In animals, glycogen serves this function.

37
Q

What is the name of the bond between monosaccharides?

A

The glycosidic bond.

38
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA).

39
Q

What is the monomer of the nucleic acid?

What is its structure?

A

The nucleotides. Nucleotides are 5 carbon sugars with a phosphate group on the 5’ carbon and nitrogenous base on the 1’ carbon.

40
Q

What are the different nitrogenous base categories and their bases?

A

There are the Purines, which are double-ringed and contain adenine and guanine.

There are the Pyrimidines, which are single-ringed and contain thymine, uracil and cytosine.

41
Q

What is the name of the bond that links the sugars of subsequent nucleotides?

A

The phosphodiester bond.

42
Q

What is the function of DNA? How is information coded in DNA?

A

To carry all the necessary information for heredity and the functioning of the cell. Information is coded in the sequence of bases of nucleotides.

43
Q

How are the two strands of DNA held together?

Do the strands face in the same direction?

A

By hydrogen bonding between the nitrogenous bases. Adenine bonds together with thymine using two hydrogen bonds.
Guanine bonds together with cytosine using three hydrogen bonds.

Both strands of DNA are anti-parallel, meaning that they face in opposite directions.

44
Q

What are the bases of RNA?

A

The same ones as DNA except Adenine binds with Uracil instead of binding with thymine. This occurs when RNA binds with itself.

45
Q

What is ATP? How does it store energy?

A

ATP is adenosine triphosphate. When energy is required, it is converted into adenosine diphosphate by removing one phosphate group. This hydrolysis reaction releases energy.

46
Q

What are lipids?

A

A diverse group of hydrophobic molecules.

47
Q

What are fats?

A

A type of lipid called triglyceride. It contains a glycerol bonded to three fatty acids.

48
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids contain no double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond.

49
Q

Does the unsaturation of fatty acids lower or increase their melting point?

A

It lowers it. Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids.

50
Q

What are steroids? What are their roles? What are examples of steroids?

A

A type of lipids who play an important role in cell growth and structure. Examples are testosterone and cholesterol.

51
Q

What are phospholipids?

Where are they found?

A

They are like triglycerides, except they have a phosphate group instead of the third fatty acid. This makes one side of them hydrophilic and another hydrophobic.

They are found in phospholipid bilayers, which make up the cell membrane.

General Biology II (18 decks)

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