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IMS 2 > Lectures 1-2 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are fungal infections hard to treat?

A

Fungal cells = eukaryotic

> V similar to our own cells

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2
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  • Separates cells from the environment
  • Import + export of substances (selective channels)
  • Can grow with cell without losing continuity
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3
Q

Describe the lipid bilayer or PM

A
  • Hydrophilic head
  • Hydrophobic tail
  • 2 layers
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4
Q

Function of RNA

A

Translate info from DNA –> protein

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5
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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6
Q

What type of reaction is ADP –> ATP?

A

Condensation reaction

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7
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of ALL cells?

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) DNA
3) Same GENETIC CODE in all cells
4) RNA
5) Ribosomes
6) Need for energy
7) All cells derived from other cells (binary fission, mitosis, meiosis)

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8
Q

Size of prokaryotic cells

A

Small

<10μm

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9
Q

Definition of monomorphic

A

To have only one form - little/no variation

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10
Q

Replication rate of prokaryotic cells

A

Divide every 20 minutes

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11
Q

Differences between gram positive + gram negative bacteria

A

1) + has thick peptidoglycan - is thin peptidoglycan
2) - has periplasmic space
3) + stain stays - stain washes out
4) + susceptible to antibiotics - more resistant
5) + has no outer membrane - does

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12
Q

Is lipoteichoic acid present in gram+, gram- or both?

A

Gram+

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13
Q

Is LPS present in gram+, gram- or both?

A

Gram-

In outer membrane

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14
Q

What does prokaryotic cytoplasm contain?

A

DNA, RNA, protein, ribosomes

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15
Q

Process of binary fission

A

1) Circular DNA replicates
2) DNA attaches to membrane
3) As cell grows DNA are pulled further apart
4) Cells cleave apart (like telophase in meiosis)

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16
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

A

One circular chromosome + no histones

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17
Q

Food sources for prokaryotic cells

A

Amino acids, sugars, C, N etc.

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18
Q

What type of reproduction do prokaryotic cells utilise?

A

Asexual

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19
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Exchanging of gene info between bacterial cells

  • donor cell attaches to cell through pilus
  • DNA transferred
  • process is called conjugation
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20
Q

What type of ribosomes are in prokaryotic cells?

A

70s ribosomes

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21
Q

What are pili?

A

Hair like structures on surface of bacteria

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22
Q

Function of flagella

A

Structure that help cells move

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23
Q

Where is the DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

Where is the DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasm

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25
What does eukaryotic cytoplasm contain?
Mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuole, centriole
26
What is the eukaryotic cell wall made of?
Polysaccharide
27
What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of?
Peptidoglycan
28
Location + function of endoplasmic reticulum
- Eukaryotic cells | - Divides cytoplasm
29
Location + function of cytoskeleton
- Eukaryotic cells | - Cytoplasmic fibres- gives cell structural support
30
Examples of eukaryotes
- Fungus - Plants - Animals - Unicellular protists
31
What are unicellular protists?
Large cells e.g. algae | Organism made of one cell
32
Size of eukaryotic cells
Larger than prokaryotic | >10µm
33
What is the structure of eukaryotic DNA?
Paired chromosomes + histones
34
What type of reproduction do eukaryotic cells utilise?
Sexual OR asexual
35
Function of ECM
- Mechanical support for cells - Transport nutrients to cells - Carry away metabolites + secretory products
36
What are the 8 steps for specimen preparation?
1) Specimen dissection 2) Fixation 3) Dehydration 4) Clearing 5) Embedding 6) Sectioning 7) Staining 8) Microscopy
37
What is fixation?
Treatment of a tissue with chemical/physical agents
38
Purpose of fixation
Preservation of tissue
39
Examples of fixatives
- Zinc fixative - Heavy metals - Alcohols - Ketones - Aldehydes - Freezing
40
What is dehydration?
To remove fixative + water from specimen + replace with dehydration fluid
41
What is used to in the dehydration step?
Alcohols (ethanol)
42
Which fixative is reversible?
Zinc fixative
43
What does it mean by 'graded series' during dehydration?
Slowly replacing water with alcohol
44
What is clearing?
Replacing dehydrating fluid with fluid that is totally miscible with dehydrating fluid + embedding medium
45
Examples of clearing agents
- XYLENE - Toluene - Chlorofom - Benzene - Petrol
46
What is histo-clear/histochoice?
Examples of SAFER clearing agents but are SLOWER
47
What is embedding?
Surrounding tissue with medium to provide external support during sectioning
48
Examples of embedding mediums
- Paraffin wax - Resin - Cryo-embedded medium - Agar
49
What is sectioning?
Done using a microtome + is essential for staining
50
What are tissue samples frozen in before sectioning?
LN2 or CO2
51
Haematoxylin + eosin
Charge based stain - Haematoxylin = BLUE -> cationic (+) binds to acidic (-) structures in cell - Eosin = PINK -> anionic (-) binds to basic (+) structures in cell
52
DAPI
Fluorescent stain -> BLUE | - Binds to A-T rich regions in DNA (minor groove)
53
Alcian blue
``` Mucin = BLUE Proteoglycans = BLUE Nuclei = RED/BLACK ```
54
Oil red O
Stains fat = RED | Nuclei = BLUE
55
Millers sirius red
Viewed under Kohler illumination Elastin = BLACK Collagen = RED/PINK
56
Masson's trichrome
Stains connective tissue Nuclei = BLUE Cytoplasm/RBCs/muscle = RED Collagen = GREEN/BLUE
57
PAS
Reacts with aldehyde groups Carbs = MAGENTA Glycoproteins = MAGENTA Nuclei = BLUE
58
Reticulin
Reduction of silver ions to silver metal Reticulin fibres = BLACK Collagen fibres = BROWN Nuclei = PINK
59
What is immunohistochemistry?
Applying antibodies to tissue to localise specific antigens
60
Examples of 'markers' used in immunohistochemistry
- Fluorescent dye - Enzyme - Colloidal gold - Radioactive element
61
Direct method (immunohistochemistry)
Antibody labeled with marker attaches to tissue antigen
62
Indirect method (immunohistochemistry)
Secondary antibody labeled with marker attaches to primary antibody which attaches to tissue antigen
63
What is the name of the complex created in the indirect method? (immunohistochemistry)
Avidin biotinylated complex
64
What is used to retrieve antigens if they have been masked?
- Enzymatic digestion - Citric acid - EDTA - Heat
65
What is used if endogenous tissue components are inhibited?
- 3% (v/v) H2O2 | - 0.01% (w/v) avidin
66
What is used if non-specific sites are blocked?
10% (v/v) normal serum
67
Advantages of immunohistochemistry
- High specificity for molecular species | - Can be used for light/confocal/electron microscopy
68
Disadvantages of immunohistochemistry
- Fixation can interfere with Ab binding - Difficult to get Abs to small molecules - Qualitative
69
What is phase contrast used for in microscopy?
Allows the viewing of unstained specimens by using the light phase amplitude differences in microscopic objects
70
What is DIC used for in microscopy?
Allows the viewing of living cells using polarised light + variable prism
71
What is confocal microscopy?
Laser is used to excite fluorescent dye in tissue or cell
72
Advantages of confocal microscopy
- Good resolution | - Collects light from single focal plane
73
Disadvantages of confocal microscopy
- Phototoxicity | - Increased sensitivity to noise
74
What is an indirect ELISA?
1) Coat antigen 2) Add specific antibody 3) Add enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody 4) Add substrate + measure colour
75
What is a sandwich ELISA?
1) Coat antibody 2) Add antigen 3) Add enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody 4) Add substrate + measure colour
76
What is a competitive ELISA?
1) Incubate antibody with antigen 2) Add them to coated antigens 3) Add enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody 4) Add substrate + measure colour

IMS 2 (5 decks)

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