Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IMS 2 > Lectures 1-2 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are fungal infections hard to treat?

A

Fungal cells = eukaryotic

> V similar to our own cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  • Separates cells from the environment
  • Import + export of substances (selective channels)
  • Can grow with cell without losing continuity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the lipid bilayer or PM

A
  • Hydrophilic head
  • Hydrophobic tail
  • 2 layers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of RNA

A

Translate info from DNA –> protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of reaction is ADP –> ATP?

A

Condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 8 characteristics of ALL cells?

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) DNA
3) Same GENETIC CODE in all cells
4) RNA
5) Ribosomes
6) Need for energy
7) All cells derived from other cells (binary fission, mitosis, meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Size of prokaryotic cells

A

Small

<10μm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definition of monomorphic

A

To have only one form - little/no variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Replication rate of prokaryotic cells

A

Divide every 20 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differences between gram positive + gram negative bacteria

A

1) + has thick peptidoglycan - is thin peptidoglycan
2) - has periplasmic space
3) + stain stays - stain washes out
4) + susceptible to antibiotics - more resistant
5) + has no outer membrane - does

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is lipoteichoic acid present in gram+, gram- or both?

A

Gram+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is LPS present in gram+, gram- or both?

A

Gram-

In outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does prokaryotic cytoplasm contain?

A

DNA, RNA, protein, ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Process of binary fission

A

1) Circular DNA replicates
2) DNA attaches to membrane
3) As cell grows DNA are pulled further apart
4) Cells cleave apart (like telophase in meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the structure of prokaryotic DNA?

A

One circular chromosome + no histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Food sources for prokaryotic cells

A

Amino acids, sugars, C, N etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of reproduction do prokaryotic cells utilise?

A

Asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

Exchanging of gene info between bacterial cells

  • donor cell attaches to cell through pilus
  • DNA transferred
  • process is called conjugation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of ribosomes are in prokaryotic cells?

A

70s ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are pili?

A

Hair like structures on surface of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of flagella

A

Structure that help cells move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where is the DNA in eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where is the DNA in prokaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does eukaryotic cytoplasm contain?

A

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuole, centriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the eukaryotic cell wall made of?

A

Polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the prokaryotic cell wall made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Location + function of endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Eukaryotic cells

- Divides cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Location + function of cytoskeleton

A
  • Eukaryotic cells

- Cytoplasmic fibres- gives cell structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Examples of eukaryotes

A
  • Fungus
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Unicellular protists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are unicellular protists?

A

Large cells e.g. algae

Organism made of one cell

32
Q

Size of eukaryotic cells

A

Larger than prokaryotic

>10µm

33
Q

What is the structure of eukaryotic DNA?

A

Paired chromosomes + histones

34
Q

What type of reproduction do eukaryotic cells utilise?

A

Sexual OR asexual

35
Q

Function of ECM

A
  • Mechanical support for cells
  • Transport nutrients to cells
  • Carry away metabolites + secretory products
36
Q

What are the 8 steps for specimen preparation?

A

1) Specimen dissection
2) Fixation
3) Dehydration
4) Clearing
5) Embedding
6) Sectioning
7) Staining
8) Microscopy

37
Q

What is fixation?

A

Treatment of a tissue with chemical/physical agents

38
Q

Purpose of fixation

A

Preservation of tissue

39
Q

Examples of fixatives

A
  • Zinc fixative
  • Heavy metals
  • Alcohols
  • Ketones
  • Aldehydes
  • Freezing
40
Q

What is dehydration?

A

To remove fixative + water from specimen + replace with dehydration fluid

41
Q

What is used to in the dehydration step?

A

Alcohols (ethanol)

42
Q

Which fixative is reversible?

A

Zinc fixative

43
Q

What does it mean by ‘graded series’ during dehydration?

A

Slowly replacing water with alcohol

44
Q

What is clearing?

A

Replacing dehydrating fluid with fluid that is totally miscible with dehydrating fluid + embedding medium

45
Q

Examples of clearing agents

A
  • XYLENE
  • Toluene
  • Chlorofom
  • Benzene
  • Petrol
46
Q

What is histo-clear/histochoice?

A

Examples of SAFER clearing agents but are SLOWER

47
Q

What is embedding?

A

Surrounding tissue with medium to provide external support during sectioning

48
Q

Examples of embedding mediums

A
  • Paraffin wax
  • Resin
  • Cryo-embedded medium
  • Agar
49
Q

What is sectioning?

A

Done using a microtome + is essential for staining

50
Q

What are tissue samples frozen in before sectioning?

A

LN2 or CO2

51
Q

Haematoxylin + eosin

A

Charge based stain

  • Haematoxylin = BLUE -> cationic (+) binds to acidic (-) structures in cell
  • Eosin = PINK -> anionic (-) binds to basic (+) structures in cell
52
Q

DAPI

A

Fluorescent stain -> BLUE

- Binds to A-T rich regions in DNA (minor groove)

53
Q

Alcian blue

A 
Mucin = BLUE
Proteoglycans = BLUE
Nuclei = RED/BLACK
54
Q

Oil red O

A

Stains fat = RED

Nuclei = BLUE

55
Q

Millers sirius red

A

Viewed under Kohler illumination
Elastin = BLACK
Collagen = RED/PINK

56
Q

Masson’s trichrome

A

Stains connective tissue
Nuclei = BLUE
Cytoplasm/RBCs/muscle = RED
Collagen = GREEN/BLUE

57
Q

PAS

A

Reacts with aldehyde groups
Carbs = MAGENTA
Glycoproteins = MAGENTA
Nuclei = BLUE

58
Q

Reticulin

A

Reduction of silver ions to silver metal
Reticulin fibres = BLACK
Collagen fibres = BROWN
Nuclei = PINK

59
Q

What is immunohistochemistry?

A

Applying antibodies to tissue to localise specific antigens

60
Q

Examples of ‘markers’ used in immunohistochemistry

A
  • Fluorescent dye
  • Enzyme
  • Colloidal gold
  • Radioactive element
61
Q

Direct method (immunohistochemistry)

A

Antibody labeled with marker attaches to tissue antigen

62
Q

Indirect method (immunohistochemistry)

A

Secondary antibody labeled with marker attaches to primary antibody which attaches to tissue antigen

63
Q

What is the name of the complex created in the indirect method? (immunohistochemistry)

A

Avidin biotinylated complex

64
Q

What is used to retrieve antigens if they have been masked?

A
  • Enzymatic digestion
  • Citric acid
  • EDTA
  • Heat
65
Q

What is used if endogenous tissue components are inhibited?

A
  • 3% (v/v) H2O2

- 0.01% (w/v) avidin

66
Q

What is used if non-specific sites are blocked?

A

10% (v/v) normal serum

67
Q

Advantages of immunohistochemistry

A
  • High specificity for molecular species

- Can be used for light/confocal/electron microscopy

68
Q

Disadvantages of immunohistochemistry

A
  • Fixation can interfere with Ab binding
  • Difficult to get Abs to small molecules
  • Qualitative
69
Q

What is phase contrast used for in microscopy?

A

Allows the viewing of unstained specimens by using the light phase amplitude differences in microscopic objects

70
Q

What is DIC used for in microscopy?

A

Allows the viewing of living cells using polarised light + variable prism

71
Q

What is confocal microscopy?

A

Laser is used to excite fluorescent dye in tissue or cell

72
Q

Advantages of confocal microscopy

A
  • Good resolution

- Collects light from single focal plane

73
Q

Disadvantages of confocal microscopy

A
  • Phototoxicity

- Increased sensitivity to noise

74
Q

What is an indirect ELISA?

A

1) Coat antigen
2) Add specific antibody
3) Add enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody
4) Add substrate + measure colour

75
Q

What is a sandwich ELISA?

A

1) Coat antibody
2) Add antigen
3) Add enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody
4) Add substrate + measure colour

76
Q

What is a competitive ELISA?

A

1) Incubate antibody with antigen
2) Add them to coated antigens
3) Add enzyme-conjugated secondary antibody
4) Add substrate + measure colour

IMS 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions