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BIOL 113 > Lectures 1-11 > Flashcards

Lectures 1-11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a plant tissue?

A

a tissue is a group of cells organised into a structural and functional unit

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2
Q

what is the difference between complex and simple tissues?

A

A simple tissue is a tissue composed of ONLY ONE cell type. A complex tissue is composed of multiple cell types

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3
Q

where are the dermal tissues found?

A

the dermal system is the peripheral covering on all plants

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4
Q

where are ground tissues found?

A

ground tissues are the bulk of the plant body - everything apart from the epidermis

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5
Q

what are the components of the shoot system?

A

the shoot system consists of a shoot apical meristem (the extreme tip) and a stem (central axis)

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6
Q

what are the units of a stem?

A

node + internode + axillary bud + leaf

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7
Q

what is a node?

A

swelling on stem where one or more leaves are attached

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8
Q

what is an internode?

A

portion of stem between two successive nodes

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9
Q

what is an axillary bud?

A

bud that will form a side shoot, in joint between leaf and stem

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10
Q

what is a leaf?

A

lateral appendage to stem, usually adapted for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What are sieve tubes?

A

elongated cells which are connected to each other via sieve plates to form a continuous tube system that spreads out through the entire plant.

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12
Q

a key type of sclerenchyma tissue. Usually found in bundles or cylinders, especially near veins. They are extremely strong due to lignin. I am long and narrow with pointed tips. I am used commercially for textiles, cordage and brushes.

A

Fibres

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13
Q

What is a phloem?

A

the part of a vascular bundle consisting of sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma, and fibres and forming the food-conducting tissue of a plant. transport food and other compounds in both directions.

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14
Q

What is a vascular tissue?

A

Also called conducting tissue - tissue of higher plants consisting mainly of xylem and phloem and occurring as a continuous system throughout the plant: it conducts water, mineral salts, and synthesized food substances and provides mechanical support

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15
Q

What is the quiescent centre?

A

An unusual feature of the region immediately up from the root cap where cells divide infrequently. Most cell division occurs immediately above the quiescent centre.

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16
Q

What is starch?

A

a white, tasteless, solid carbohydrate, (C 6 H 1 0 O 5 ), occurring in the form of minute granules in the seeds, tubers, and other parts of plants, and forming an important constituent of rice, corn,wheat, beans, potatoes, and many other vegetable foods.

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17
Q

What are gymnosperm?

A

vascular plants whose seeds are not enclosed in an ovary, such as a conifer or cycad.

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18
Q

What is the protoxylem?

A

the part of the primary xylem that develops first, consisting of narrow, thin-walled cells.

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19
Q

What is the cortex?

A

the unspecialized tissue in plant stems and roots between the vascular bundles and the epidermis

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20
Q

what is the dermal tissue?

A

One of the three tissue types. Functions to protect the plant from injury and water loss. It is formed by the epidermis and covers the outside of the plant, except in woody trees and shrubs.

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21
Q

what are chromoplasts?

A

a plastid in a plant cell containing colouring matter other than chlorophyll, most commonly carotenoids.

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22
Q

what are the tracheary elements?

A

composed of tracheids and vessel elements. The highly specialised cells in the xylem responsible for transporting water and solutes up the plant.

23
Q

What is the meristem?

A

a plant tissue responsible for growth, whose cells divide and differentiate to form the tissues and organs of the plant. I occur within the stem and leaves and at the tips of stems and roots.

24
Q

What is the elongation zone?

A

A zone of the root found above the apical meristem which is usually only a few mm long, but is responsible for ALL of the growth of the root

25
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small apertures in the epidermis of leaves through which gases are exchanged and water loss and temperature are regulated

26
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

The response of a root or a shoot to the pull of earth’s gravity. Can be positive or negative

27
Q

what is the starch statolith Hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis which states that roots ultimately curve downwards in the direction of gravity due to the movement and sedimentation of amyloplasts setting in motion a series of events.

28
Q

what is an embolism?

A

the blocking of a xylem vessel by an air bubble.

29
Q

what is a protoplast?

A

a unit consisting of the living parts of a cell, including the protoplasm and cell membrane but not the vacuoles or (in plants) the cell wall.

30
Q

what is the procambium?

A

a column of meristematic cells from which vascular bundles arise. Undifferentiated plant tissue, just behind the growing tip in stems and roots, that develops into conducting tissues.

31
Q

what does periclinally mean?

A

the name given to when cells divide in a parallel manner. The procambium divides in such a manner to to produce the xylem on the inside of the stem and the phloem on the outside.

32
Q

what are idioblasts?

A

a plant cell that differs from those around it in the same tissue

33
Q

what are collenchyma?

A
  • provide structural support to growing organs
  • simple tissue
  • cells are usually longer than they are wide
  • characterised by thickened primary cell walls
  • typically found immediately beneath the epidermis in fruits, leaves and stems
34
Q

what are the three types of ground tissue?

A
  • parenchyma
  • collenchyma
  • sclerenchyma
35
Q

what are the cell wall thickenings in collenchyma made of?

A

alternating layers of cellulose and pectins (give some mechanical strength but allow for flexibility)

36
Q

what are aerenchyma?

A

the very large air spaces between clusters of parenchyma cells. Common in organs that spend all of their time submerged. Caused by cell rupture.

37
Q

what is the root cap?

A
  • a thimble-like hollow cone of loosely arranged cells that covers the growing tip of a root and protects it during its passage through the soil
  • Consists of parenchyma cells that are constantly being sloughed off and replaced by new cells produced by the root apical meristem
  • Serves to protect the root apical meristem as the root forces soil particles apart
  • Produces mucigel, a slimy polysaccharide, which reduces friction
  • The root cap perceives gravity
38
Q

what is the vascular bundle?

A

multiple tissues grouped together to form the two transport networks xylem & phloem.

39
Q

what is the apical meristem?

A

A meristem at the tip of a plant shoot or root that produces auxin and causes the shoot or root to increase in length. Growth that originates here is called primary growth. In vascular plants, this area produces three kinds of primary meristems: the protoderm, ground meristem, and procambium. These in turn produce primary tissues.

40
Q

what is a vessel?

A

a duct formed in the xylem, composed of connected cells that have lost their intervening partitions, that conducts water and mineral nutrients.

41
Q

what is a founder cell?

A

A cell capable of contributing to the establishment of one or more cell populations. Cells from which all other cells arise.

42
Q

what are tannins?

A

a yellowish or brownish bitter-tasting organic substance present in some galls, barks, and other plant tissues, consisting of derivatives of gallic acid.

43
Q

what is a monocot?

A

Any of a class of angiosperm plants having a single cotyledon in the seed. They have leaves with parallel veins, flower parts in multiples of three, and fibrous root systems. Their primary vascularbundles are scattered throughout the stem, not arranged in a ring as in eudicotyledons. Grasses, palms, lilies, irises, and orchids are monocotyledons.

44
Q

what is a metaxylem?

A

the later formed tracheary elements, they have a webbed or pitted pattern

45
Q

what is the root system?

A

one of the two systems comprising the plant body. I consist of all its various root structures and predominantly remain below ground absorbing water and nutrients from the soil

46
Q

what is an eudicot?

A

type of leaf that has veins in a webbed pattern, with a central midrib, and several orders of lateral veins (such as a buttercup).

47
Q

what is an angiosperm?

A

Name given to a plant that has its seeds encased in an ovary. A flowering plant.

48
Q

what are sclereids?

A

A thick-walled lignified plant cell, often branched in shape. They form many hard structures such as seed coats and nut shells. They are a type of sclerenchyma cell but are usually shorter than fibers.

49
Q

what are columella cells?

A

in plant anatomy, a distinct tissue layer in the very tip of the root. It is a column of cells bellow the quiescent centre.

50
Q

what are anthocyanin?

A

any of a class of water-soluble glycosidic pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of many fruits, vegetables, cereal grains, and flowers. They are closely related to vitamins E and P.

51
Q

what are cotledons?

A

the primary or rudimentary leaf of the embryo of seed plants.

52
Q

what are secondary metabolites?

A

produces products that aid in the growth and development of plants but are not required for the plant to survive.

53
Q

what are scleremchyma?

A
  • give strength and rigidity to mature organs
  • contain fibre and sclereid cells
  • cells are dead at maturity
  • characterised by secondary cell walls that are impregnated with lignin

BIOL 113 (1 decks)

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