Lectures 1-10

Question 1

What is the WHO definition of health?

Answer 1

A stare of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

What are the 4 main factors affecting health?

Answer 2

Biology (age, sex, genetics)
Environment (physico-chemical, biological, socioeconomic and political)
Lifestyle
Healthcare

Question 3

What might explain the fall in mortality in the last 200 years?

Answer 3

falls in infectious diseases;
TB - chemo hastened decrease
Polio - immunisation
Whooping coiugh and measles decrase had little to do with immunisation

Question 4

What are hospital episode statistics?

Answer 4

details of all admissions to NHS hospitals in England and all outpatients appointments

Question 5

What is the Health Survey for England?

Answer 5

an annual population survery, it’s just a health questionnaire really

Question 6

What is crude mortality rate?

Answer 6

the total number of deaths in one year over the total mid-year population

Question 7

What is indirect standardisation?

Answer 7

age-specific rates from a standard population are applied to a study population structure

Question 8

What are Marinker’s 3 levels for health?

Answer 8

Illness
Disease
Sickness

Question 9

At what levels can medicalisation occur?

Answer 9

Interactional
Conceptual (medical vocabulary)
Institutional

Question 10

What is iatrogenesis?

Answer 10

the negative effects of medicine

Question 11

In what 4 ways could medicine be a serious threat to our health?

Answer 11

incompetence
cascade iatrogenesis
social iatrogenesis
structural iatrogenesis

Question 12

In ‘The Birth of the Clinic’ , what did Foucault stress?

Answer 12

New forms of knowledge lead to new ways of constructing disease, shift from hospital based medicine to new forms of ‘surveillance’ medicine, and the the psycho-social-space between bodies and communities

Question 13

Which organisation found that those living with long-term mental health conditions were more likely to get killer diseases?

Answer 13

The Disability Rights Commision

Question 14

What factors might affect access to the outcomes of healthcare?

Answer 14

Provider - competence
Structural - resource abundance
Consumer - genetic/cultural differences

Question 15

What examples are there of unconcious gender bias in healthcare?

Answer 15

Crash dummies are male

heart attack symptoms are less well known for women as their referred pain is different

Question 16

What is the Data Protection Act?

Answer 16

Can’t have more information than you strictly need

Question 17

Can patients see their own records?

Answer 17

Yes, but the doctor has the right to refuse if they believe it would cause severe harm to the patient, or would breach confidentiality of a third party

Question 18

When can we break confidentiality?

Answer 18

With patient consent
Within healthcare teams
In the patient's best medical interest
In the interest of others
Legal proceedings
Statutory requirements
teaching/audits

Question 19

What inequalities exist within palliative care?

Answer 19

black and ethnic minorities have less access

Not everyone is aware that these services exist

Question 20

What is the ASKED model of cultural competence?

Answer 20

Awareness of your background
Knowledge about diversity
Skill
Encounters
Desire

Question 21

What 3 ways did Kleinman suggest people manage their health?

Answer 21

The popular sector
The Professional Sector
The folk sector

Question 22

What is the definition of disease?

Answer 22

the pathological process, deviation from the biological norm

Question 23

What is the definition of illness?

Answer 23

The patient’s experience of ill health, sometimes when no disease can be found

Question 24

What is the significance of Zola’s 5 social triggers?

Answer 24

They encompass the way in which symptoms come to be seen as abnormal

Question 25

What are Zola’s 5 social triggers?

Answer 25

Percieved interference with activity
" " relations
An interpersonal crisis
Sanctioning
Temporalizing of symptomology