Lecture Unit 1

Question 1

Define taxonomy

Answer 1

It is the aspect of biology that deals with the classification of organisms

Question 2

Define invertebrates

Answer 2

Animals and animal like organisms without a backbone

Question 3

Define vertebrates

Answer 3

Animals with backbone

Question 4

Define nomenclature

Answer 4

Naming of organisms

Question 5

Define systematics

Answer 5

It is the systematic assignment of organisms into groups called taxa

Question 6

What are and define the 2 main types of classification

Answer 6

Artificial- based on one or more easily observable characteristics eg color, mode of locomotion
Natural -
Phylogenetic- based on ancestry and descent.
Phenetic- based on evidence from morphological (structural), cytological (cellular),and biochemical similarities or differences between organisms

Question 7

Biological nomenclature is based on what

Answer 7

Binomial system

Question 8

Binomial system was introduced by

Answer 8

Swedish Naturalist Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) who gave Latin names to each organism

Question 9

What is ICZN

Answer 9

International code of zoological nomenclature

Question 10

What are the ranks of taxonomy in descending order

Answer 10

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 11

The five kingdoms are

Answer 11

Prokaryotae
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantar
Animalia

Question 12

Protoctista now contains

Answer 12

Algae, protozoa, some former fungi and slime molds

Question 13

Invertebrates are divided into how many groups

Answer 13

Invertebrates are divided into to four groups based on their cellular composition and organisation
Protozoa
Mesozoic
Parazoa
Metazoa

Question 14

Characteristics of protozoa are

Answer 14

They are for the most part of their life unicellular
Also described as acellular (not divided into cells)
Vital functions are carried out by organelles

Question 15

Mesozoans are thought to be intermediate between

Answer 15

True multicellular animals and protozoan

Question 16

Characteristics of mesozoans are

Answer 16

Their bodies are unicellular
They don’t have more that two cell layers
The outer layer is cilliated while the inner layer is reproductive
They are bilaterally symmetrical
They have no organs
They have no body cavity
Gametes and agametes are produced from special cells which form central mass of the body
Their life cycle involves alternation of generation
They are marine
There are two classes and 3 orders

Question 17

What is alternation of generation

Answer 17

This is the alternation btw diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte

Question 18

What are Parazoans

Answer 18

They are multicellular invertebrates that possess collared flagellated cells
The many cells in their body are not organised into tissues and organs
So they are at cellular level of organisation

Question 19

What makes parazoans unique among other multicellular invertebrates

Answer 19

Possession of collared flagellated cells

Question 20

Describe metazoans

Answer 20

They are invertebrates with marked cellular differentiation

Question 21

What are the 2 levels of organisation in metazoans

Answer 21

Diploblastic
Triploblastic

Question 22

What are diploblastic animals

Answer 22

They have 2 cell layers an inner endoderm and an outer ectoderm
The cell layers are at tissue level of organisation

Question 23

What are triploblastic animals

Answer 23

They have 3 layers showing organ level of organisation
The 3rd body layer mesoderm btw the ectoderm and endoderm

Question 24

Xtics of protozoa

Answer 24

They are animal like
Simple and primitive
They occur in moist environments eg seas, freshwater bodily fluids, soil etc.
They are cosmopolitan

Question 25

Protozoan are at what level of organisation

Answer 25

Protoplasmic level of organisation Ie specialised portions of the cytoplasm called organelles carry out particular functions within their single cell

Question 26

Protozoan organelles include

Answer 26

Cilia Flagella Contractile vacuole

Question 27

Protozoa are divided into how many phyla

Answer 27

They are divided into four phyla based on their organelles and modes of locomotion Phylum Rhizopoda Phylum Apicomplexa Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Ciliophora

Question 28

What are chromatophores

Answer 28

These are pigment containing vesicles found in cell cytoplasm

Question 29

Xtics of Rhizopoda

Answer 29

They lack chromatophores Possess a single nucleus Don't have definite shape due to absence of rigid pellicle Asexual reproduction is by binary fission Possess pseudopodia

Question 30

Examples of Rhizopoda are

Answer 30

Arcella Amoeba Entamoeba etc

Question 31

Xtics of Apicomplexa

Answer 31

They have apical complex Lack external locomotory organelles They are characterised by reproductive process They are parasitic and absorb food from their host They are uninucleate They cause diseases in humans and other organisms

Question 32

What is the most distinctive xtic of apicomplexa

Answer 32

They form many spores during asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 33

What do plasmodium, eimeria and toxoplasma cause

Answer 33

Malaria Coccidiosis Toxoplasmosis respectively

Question 34

Xtics of sarcomastigophora

Answer 34

Possess chromatophores while some don't Cell is semi rigid covered by pellicle Have definite shape Possess single nucleus Flagella as means of locomotion Asexual reproduction is by longitudinal binary fission

Question 35

Sarcomastigophora are divided into

Answer 35

Two classes Phytomastigophora Zoomastigophora

Question 36

Xtics of Phytomastigophora

Answer 36

These flagellates are plant like

Question 37

Volvox, euglena and chlamydomonas belong to

Answer 37

Class Phytomastigophora

Question 38

In Zoomastigophora food is ingested through

Answer 38

Temporary or permanent openings

Question 39

Xtics of Zoomastigophora

Answer 39

Animal.like and lack chromatophores Holozoic Sexual reproduction in few groups Some members are parasitic They possess on to many flagella

Question 40

Examples of Zoomastigophora are

Answer 40

Mastigoamoeba Trichonympha Trypanosoma Leishmania

Question 41

Which Phylum constitutes the largest group of protozoans

Answer 41

Phylum Ciliophora

Question 42

Function of mega and micronucleus in ciliophores are

Answer 42

Control all cell activities excluding reproduction Control sexual reproduction respectively

Question 43

Asexual and sexual reproduction in ciliophores are

Answer 43

By transverse fission Conjugation respectively

Question 44

Examples of Ciliophora are

Answer 44

Paramecium Vorticella Balantidium

Question 45

Ciliates exist as

Answer 45

Most are free-living and solitary Few are colonial Some are sessile Very few are parasitic

Question 46

Ciliates feed on

Answer 46

Organic particles Or pretty on microscopic organisms

Question 47

Xtics of Ciliophora

Answer 47

High level of organelle devt Cilia for locomotion Constant body shape due to firm pellicle Two types of nuclei mega and micro