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Speech Science - 9615 > Lecture Two- The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lecture Two- The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key parts of the respiratory system for speaking?

A

Articulation –> Phonation –> Respiration

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2
Q

The Trachea

A

Contains bronchi which goes down into the trachea into braching systems

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3
Q

What are the balloons at the end of the bronchi called?

A

Alveoli

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4
Q

What is the responsibility of the alveoli?

A

It has numerous balloons that make the context of the lungs to inflate the alveoli. They are well supplied by blood vessels, where we exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in these sacs
As they inflate and deflate, we exchange carbon and oxygen more

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5
Q

Bronchioles

A

They terminate in clusters of tiny balloon like alveoli that inflate and deflate during breathing

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6
Q

Alveoli

A

Covered by a network of capillaries.
The exchange of inhaled oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place across the extremely thin walls of these pulmonary capillaries and alveoli

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7
Q

Where does Inhaled 0₂ pass through?

A

It passes through the alveolar and pulmonary capillary walls and attach to the hemoglobin of the red blood cells

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8
Q

How does gas exchange work?

A

The process of gas exchange occurs through the alveolar sacs during aspiration (it fills the alveoli)

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9
Q

What blood cells are involved in gas exchange?

A

Red blood cells

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10
Q

What happens to the human body if you are not getting enough oxygen?

A

Difficulty breathing
Blueness in fingernails or lips

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11
Q

What are the 4 Primary Muscles of the Respiratory System?

A
  1. Internal intercostals
  2. Diaphragm
  3. External Intercostal muscles
  4. Abdominal muscles
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12
Q

What are the 2 muscles involved in Exhalation?

A
  1. Internal intercostals
  2. Diaphragm
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13
Q

Internal intercostals

A

These are the muscles located in between the ribs
When we contract–> it shrinks, causing the ribcage to rise up and inflate the lungs

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14
Q

Diaphragm

A

Involved in the process of breathing in. The diaphragm sit under the lung and ribcage and sit in a cup like position and when we contract, they shrink causing them to flatten and lungs to be displaced for air to come in and deflate things.

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15
Q

What are the 2 muscles involved in Inhalation?

A
  1. External intercostal muscles
  2. Abdominal muscles
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16
Q

External Intercostal Muscles

A

These muscles are located outside the ribs, they go downward and push air out

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17
Q

Abdominal muscles

A

These are the stomach muscles and they push inward and provide a lot for inhalation and exhalation.

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18
Q

External intercostal muscles vs. Internal intercostal muscles

A

External: when we contract and make it smaller, it shrinks causing structures to move upwards, which expands the ribcage to go into the lungs

Internal: the Whole muscle goes downward and pushes the air out when we inhale

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19
Q

Supporting Muscles of the Neck

A

Scalenes - elevates ribs 1 and 2
Sternocleidomastoid- elevates rib cage

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20
Q

Supporting Muscles of the Thorax

A

Costal levators- elevates rib cage
Pectoralis major - elevates rib cage
Pectoralis minor - depress ribs 3 to 5
Serratus anterior - elevates ribs 1 to 9
Serratus posterior inferior - eleveates ribs 9 to 12
Serratus posterior superior - elevates rib cage
Subclavius - elevates rib cage
Subcostals - lower rib cage
Transverse thoracic- depress rib cage

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21
Q

Supporting Muscles of the Abdomen

A

External oblique - compress abdomen
Internal oblique - compress abdomen
Rectus abdominis- compress abdomen
Transverse abdominal - compress abdomen

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22
Q

Measurement of Respiratory Function (Breathing)

A

Respiratory Volume
Quiet Rest Breathing: primary contraction and relaxtion of the diaphragm (sitting at rest)

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23
Q

What is the Adults Average Rate of Rest Breathing (BPM)

A

Adults typically have 12-18 breaths per minute
- decreases with age

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24
Q

What is the Infant average Rate of Rest Breathing (BPM)

A

40-70 BPM

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25
Q

What is the Child Average Rate of Rest Breathing (BPM)

A

18-25 BPM

26
Q

What should be considered for the Rate of Rest Breathing (BPM)?

A
  • Inhale/ exhale time
  • 40 inhale/ 60% exhale
  • noise breathing predominates over mouth
  • abdominal movements (diaphragm) predominates over rib cage movements
27
Q

What is the Adult average Rate of Rest Breathing (BPM) during a heavy Activity for a FEMALE

A

21 BPM

28
Q

What is the Adult average Rate of Rest Breathing (BPM) during a heavy Activity for a MALE

A

30

29
Q

Why is nasal breathing beneficial?

A
  • Filter properties
  • Removes Dust
    More efficient than breathing through the mouth
    Humidity through nasal passages
30
Q

Vital Capacity

A

The volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation
(includes IRV + TV + ERV)

31
Q

What are the norms of vital capacity differences?

A
  • Changes over age groups
  • Change based on gender
  • Change based on gender
  • Change based on height
  • Atheltes (more efficient runner would have more capacity in respiratory)
32
Q

What percent (%) of your total respiratory range (vital capacity) are you using during rest breathing? Life breathing

A

10% VC

33
Q

What percent (%) of your total respiratory range (vital capacity) are you using for Speech Breathing?

A

20% VC

34
Q

What percent (%) of your total respiratory range (vital capacity) are you using for Loud Speech Breathing?

A

40% VC

35
Q

What percent (%) of your total respiratory range (vital capacity) are you using for Child Speech Breathing?

A

35% VC

36
Q

Within your total respiratory range (vital capacity) where does your rest breathing take place?

A

40-50%

37
Q

What percent (%) leads to insufficiencies and intangibility of speech causing issues?

A

Below 40%

38
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration

39
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

40
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume

41
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration and that cannot be voluntarily expelled

42
Q

What Lung capacities include two or more volumes?

A
  1. Vital Capacity (VC)
  2. Functional residual capacity (FRC)
  3. Total lung capacity (TLC)
43
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs and airways at the end-expiratory level
(includes ERV + RV)

44
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Total amount of air the lungs can hold
(includes TV +IRV + ERV +RV)

45
Q

If a patient laid on the floor and exhaled all the air they could, and we pushed on their stomach afterwards, would there be any volume of air left?

A

Yes. There would be some residual volume left in the lungs

46
Q

Maximum Phonation Time

A
  • An indirect estimate of volume
  • Acts as an indirect screening on volume of respiratory system
  • Implies a patient to take a deep breath and say ‘ahhh’ for as long as possible
47
Q

Correlation between Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) and Vital Capacity Correlation (VC)

A

Correlation= .65
(men = .67, women =.59)

48
Q

How often should Maximum Phonation time be done in a test?

A

-3 times
- The patient will usually improve over time, and if they do, keep doing it until they plateau at a consistent time

49
Q

Why do men have a higher Maximum Phonation Time?

A
  • Women have breathier voices than men
  • Women do not have adams apples
50
Q

What happens to maximum phonation sound when you whisper?

A

The larynx is giving you little resistance and you cannot keep maximum phonation time going as long as normal

51
Q

Speech Breathing

A

Normal adult speech breathing volume: is about 20-25% of vital capacity (VC)
Loud speech: is about 40% of VC
Children speech: about 35% of VC

52
Q

4 Changes that Occur When Switching from Life Breathing to Speech Breathing

A

Changes:
1. Location of air intake
2. Ratio of time for inhalation versus Exhalation
3. Volume of Air
4. Muscle Activity for Exhalation

53
Q

Life Breathing Vs Speech Breathing Change in Location of air intake

A

Life: nose
Speech: mouth

54
Q

Life Breathing Vs Speech Breathing Change in Ratio of time for inhalation versus exhalation

A

Life:
inhale = 40%
exhale= 60%

Speech:
inhale= 10%
exhale= 90%

55
Q

Life Breathing Vs Speech Breathing Change in Volume of Air

A

Life:
500 cc
10% VC

Speech:
Variable, depending on length and loudness of utterance
20 to 25% VC

56
Q

Life Breathing Vs Speech Breathing Change in Muslce activity for exhalation

A

Life:
Passive- muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax

Speech:
Active- Thoracic and abdonimal muscles contract to control recoil of rib cage and diaphragm

57
Q

Breath Groups

A
  • When we speak, we make pauses at times
  • We can measure how many words or groups of syllables using before taking a breath break
  • Grammatical structures dictate this
  • But… in conversation, we control this and make pauses in some points compared to others
58
Q

What is the normal value for syllables per breaths during reading?

A

16-22 syllables/ breath

i.e:
11-16 words/ breath
1.4 syllable/ word

Age:
25 years old = 20.1
50 year olds= 22.0
7 years old= 16.3

59
Q

Patient Sample: Stroke Patient and His Breath Breaks

A
  • Impairment due to spinal cord/ stroke impacts his speaking
  • Takes frequent breaths, opens mouth wider, exaggerated to get more air in, larger body movements (Clavical breathing)

Averages:

His average breath groups are = 4.4 words/ breath
ABNORMAL

Short maximum phonation time (MPT)= 4-5 seconds

60
Q

What are the additional tasks that could be considered in a respiratory assessment

A
  • Loudness assessment: read sentences or count 1-10 at 2 times and 4 times louder
  • Strong sniffs, gasps (ihalatory)
  • Strong blows (candles), cough (exhalatory)
  • Rapid panting
  • Read aloud or converse while standing vs. supine or with flexed vs. extended posture
  • Slow controlled expiration from total inhalation
61
Q
A

Speech Science - 9615 (2 decks)

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