lecture test #2 Flashcards
lymphatic, immune, respiratory, + digestive systems!
1
Q
the portion of the lymphatic system that lymph capillaries drain into
A
lymph vessels
2
Q
a network of lymphatic vessels that only travels in one direction (toward the heart)
A
lymphatics
3
Q
fatty lymph formed when the lymph capillaries absorb digested fat
A
chyle
4
Q
fluid in the lymphatic system; excess fluid
A
lymph
5
Q
lymphatic structures formed when the largest collect vessels unite
A
lymphatic trunks
6
Q
the smallest of the lymphatics that are blind-ended and weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries
A
lymph capillaries
7
Q
lymph capillaries that exist within the intestinal mucosa to absorb digested fat
A
lacteals
8
Q
the lymphatic duct that drains the right upper arm and right side of the head and thorax
A
right lymphatic duct
9
Q
lymphatic structures that receive lymph from trunks
A
lymphatics ducts
10
Q
lymph follicles in the small intestine that destroy bacteria from the large intestine trying to enter this normally sterile location
A
peyer’s patches
11
Q
largest lymphoid organ that functions in lymphocyte proliferation, immune response & surveillance and removed aged blood cells and platelets from the blood
A
spleen
12
Q
lymph tissue that exists as an offshoot of the large intestine and functions to destroy bacteria and create memory cells, as well as providing storage for the “good bacteria” in your large intestine
A
appendix
13
Q
lymph tissue that is not fully encapsulated. it functions to gather and remove pathogens from food and air in crypts that trap particulate matter and bacteria
A
tonsils
14
Q
the primary secondary lymph organs that contain macrophages and lymphocytes that function to filter lymph before returning it to the bloodstream
A
lymph nodes
15
Q
a primary lymph organ located in the inferior portion of the neck, partially overlying the heart
A
thymus
16
Q
the site where all lymphocytes (b cells and t cells) originate, and where b cells mature
A
red bone marrow
17
Q
lymphoid tissue ring located around the pharynx
A
tonsils
18
Q
lymph follicles in the small intestine
A
peyer’s patches
19
Q
lymph tissue offshoot of the large intestine
A
appendix
20
Q
what are all of the primary lymphoid organs?
A
thymus: responsible for t-cell maturation
red bone marrow: where b-cells mature and both b-cells and t-cells originate
21
Q
what cells function as APCs (antigen presenting cells)?
A
dendritic cells, macrophages, and b-lymphocytes
22
Q
what are functions of the lymphatic system?
A
- rids body of toxins
- drains excess interstitial fluid
- carries out immune responses
23
Q
what is all true of lymphocytes?
A
- they are the main warrior of the immune system
- they can be found throughout the body in general circulation
- they recognize and remember antigens
24
Q
what are the 3 main functions of lymph nodes?
A
- immune system activation
- cleanse the lymph
- produce lymphoid cells and houses granular leukocytes
25
what lymphatic organ does not contain b-cells?
thymus
26
what components help lymph return to the bloodstream?
- smooth muscle contraction in lymphatic walls
- milking action of the skeletal muscles
- pressure changes in the thoracic cavity that occur with normal inspiration and expiration
- valves to prevent backflow
- physical activity
27
what are areas in the body where superficial lymph nodes can be found?
axillary, cervical, and inguinal regions
28
which cell is the precursor to a macrophage?
monocyte
29
which tissue type is the primary constituent of lymphoid organs?
reticular
30
true or false: the lymphatic system closely resembles the arterial portion of the cardiovascular system, due to the continuous pump that returns lymph to the bloodstream
false- its closer to the action of the venous system, due to its low pressure
31
true or false: when lymph is returned to the bloodstream, it is emptied into the subclavian vein by the thoracic duct
false-
when chyle is returned to the bloodstream, it is emptied into the subclavian vein by the thoracic duct
lymph is emptied into venous circulation at the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular veins on the ipsilateral side of collection
32
dampen or completely stop the immune response via inhibitory cytokines or direct contact
regulatory t-cells
33
long-lived t-cells that can quickly replicate and enable a quick secondary response to an antigen
memory t-cells
34
activated by the presentation of antigens by APCs and play an important role in humoral and cellular immunity
helper t-cells
35
the only t-cells that directly attack and kill other cells, with a function very similar to NK cells
cytotoxic t-cells
36
produce the plasma cells that create antibodies
b-cells
37
phagocytic cells that serve as a pro-APC (antigen-presenting cell)
macrophages
38
phagocytic cells that do not usually have a role in antigen-presentation to lymphocytes
neutrophils
39
an antimicrobial protein that disrupts the selective permeability of the cell membrane of invading microbes
membrane attack complex (MAC)
40
serve to destroy cancer and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system knows they are present
natural killer (NK) cells
41
an immune-modulating protein that serves to block viral reproduction and warn neighboring cells of presence of a virus
interferons
42
what immunoglobulin is the first immunoglobin secreted by plasma cells during a primary response?
immunoglobulin m
43
which immunoglobulin is active in allergic reactions and parasitic infections; causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine?
immunoglobulin e
44
which immunoglobulin is found in body secretions such as saliva and sweat, helping prevent pathogen attachment to cutaneous & mucous membranes?
immunoglobulin a
45
which immunoglobulin is the main antibody of late primary and secondary immune response that is able to cross the placenta and infer immunity from mother to fetus?
immunoglobulin g
46
which immunoglobulin is an important b-cell receptor?
immunoglobulin d
47
what is all true of antibodies?
- antibodies bind specifically with antigens
- antibodies are also referred to as immunoglobulins
- antibodies are generally contained within the gamma globulin portion of blood
- antibodies don't destroy antigens
- antibodies are formed in response to the presence of antigens
- antibodies are produced by plasma cells
48
this describes what:
- it helps initiate tissue repair and helps prevent the spread of infection/damage
- it causes the release of prostaglandins (which cause pain) and other inflammatory chemicals, which help attract immune cells to the area
- it attracts white blood cells to the site of injury
- it encourages the elimination of pathogens and damaged tissue cells
- it increases capillary permeability
the inflammatory response
49
what is the difference between an antigen and an incomplete antigen (hapten)?
haptens can only be detected by the immune system once they attach to self-proteins and begin producing antigenic substances. antigens have reactivity without attaching to self-proteins.
antigens have immunogenicity, but haptens are not immunogenic by themselves
50
what cells serve as pro-APCs?
macrophages, b-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells
51
what is true of humoral immunity?
it has extracellular targets and is antibody-mediated
52
true or false: b-cells are formed and develop their immunocompetence in the bone marrow
true
53
true or false: fighting off an infection or getting a vaccine both offer passive immunity
false
54
what would encourage or cause the lungs to collapse?
- surface tension of alveolar fluid
- lungs natural tendency to recoil due to their elastic nature
- positive intrapleural pressure
55
air passages that connect the trachea to the alveoli and largely lack cartilage, but have smooth muscle that can constrict as needed to impede expiration
bronchial tree
56
passage for air and and food that also houses the tonsils and connects the nasal cavity with the larynx and the oral cavity with the esophagus
pharynx
57
air passage that is also known as the "voice box"
larynx
58
main site of respiratory gas exchange
alveoli
59
cartilage that rises and forms a lid over the larynx during swallowing to route food to the esophagus
epiglottis
60
house all respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi, with apices near the clavicle and bases resting on the diaphragm
lungs
61
air passage that cleanses, warms, and moistens incoming air within its walls that are supported by c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
trachea
62
responsible for voice production when they vibrate while air is being expelled from the respiratory tract
true vocal cords
63
produce mucus, warm/humidify/filter air and lighten the skull
paranasal sinuses
64
produce mucus, cleanse/humidify/warm air and house olfactory receptors
nose & nasal cavity
65
what is true about alveoli? (hint: pores, fibers, membrane, phages, site of..)
- they contain alveolar pores that connect adjacent alveoli to each other
- surrounded by elastic fibers
- help form the respiratory membrane
- contain macrophages
- main site of has exchange in the lungs
66
What are the respiratory control centers?
pons and medulla
**pons= respiratory rate
** medulla= respiratory rhythm
67
true or false: the diaphragm is a thin sheet of smooth muscle innervated by the phrenic nerve (c3-c5 nerve roots). it contracts during inspiration, flattening and moving down
false
68
surfactant:
- is a ________ like complex of lipids and proteins
- ________ alveolar surface tension
- is produced by type ________ alveolar cells
- the release of surfactant is increased with ________ ________
detergent; decreases; ii; deep breathing
69
what are the portions of the respiratory system that are part of the respiratory zone?
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
70
what cells are present in the alveoli?
macrophages, simple squamous epithelial cells, and simple cuboidal epithelial cells
71
what region(s) of the respiratory tract has pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells?
trachea, nasal cavity, and nasopharynx
72
what region(s) of the respiratory tract has primarily simple squamous epithelium?
alveoli
73
what region(s) of the respiratory tract has pseudostratified columnar epithelium that transitions to stratified squamous epithelium?
oropharynx
74
what region(s) of the respiratory tract has stratified squamous epithelium?
laryngopharynx
75
what region(s) of the respiratory tract transitions from pseudostratified columnar epithelium to simple columnar epithelium then to simple cuboidal epithelium?
bronchioles
76
intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure within the alveoli of the lungs. it increases with ____________
expiration
77
which of the four processes of respiration is this: exchange of o2 and co2 between system blood vessels and tissues
internal respiration
78
which of the four processes of respiration is this: transport of o2 and co2 via the bloodstream
respiratory gas transport
79
which of the four processes of respiration is this: exchange of o2 and co2 b/w the lungs + blood
external respiration
80
which of the four processes of respiration is this: movement of the air into + out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
81
what serous membrane clings to the surface of the lungs?
visceral pleura
82
what serous membrane clings to the walls of the peritoneal cavity?
parietal peritoneum
83
what serous membrane clings to the walls of the pleural cavity and covers the diaphragm
parietal pleura
84
what serous membrane clings to the surface of the heart
visceral pericardium
85
what serous membrane clings to the walls of the pericardial cavity
parietal pericardium
86
what serous membrane clings to the surface of organs within the peritoneal cavity
visceral peritoneum
87
increased alveolar co2 levels results in ___________ to allow co2 to be eliminated faster
bronchial dilation
88
inadequate alveolar ventilation, leading to decreased po2 caused ____________. this redirects blood to respiratory areas where po2 is higher + o2 pickup is more efficient
terminal arterial constriction
89
the amount of gas reaching the alveoli is called _________.
ventilation
90
the body uses po2 to control perfusion by changing _________ diameter.
arteriole
91
the body uses po2 to control ventilation by changing _________ diameter
bronchiole
92
blood flow through pulmonary capillaries is referred to as __________.
perfusion
93
pressure within the alveoli that rises and falls during breathing, but equalizes with atmospheric pressure @ the end of inspiration and expiration
intrapulmonary pressure
94
pressure exerted by the air surrounding the body
atmospheric pressure
95
the difference b/w intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure that keeps the air spaces of the lungs open; the greater the pressure the larger the lungs
transpulmonary pressure
96
pressure within the pleural cavity that fluctuates with the phases of breathing, but it always negative relative to intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
97
the ciliated mucus lining in the nose is important because....
it helps traps the particles that are constantly being inhaled
98
what muscles are engaged in inspiration?
scalene muscles, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, and diaphragm
99
intrapleural pressure.... (hint: negative or positive, pressure where, abbreviation, and fluid levels)
- it fluctuates during the various breathing phases, but always remains negative relatively to intrapulmonary pressure
- it is the pressure within the pleural cavity
- abbreviated using Pip
- pleural fluid levels must remain minimal to keep this pressure negative
100
what functional division is respiratory passages that carry air to the lower passages where gas exchange occurs. this area accounts for a majority of respiratory tract passages
conducting zone
101
what structure is the portion of the respiratory tract with passages contained within the thoracic cavity
lower respiratory tract
102
what structure is the portion of the respiratory tract superior to the thoracic cavity
upper respiratory tract
103
what functional zone is respiratory passages where gas exchange occurs, in the terminal portion of the respiratory tract
respiratory zone
104
intrapulmonary pressure.... (hint: increases and decreases with, pressure where, equalizes with, and abbreviation)
- it increases with expiration and decreases with inspiration
- refers to the pressure within the alveoli
- equalizes with atmospheric pressure at the end of both inspiration and expiration
- its abbreviation is Ppul
105
type i cells have what type of tissue?
simple squamous epithelial tissue
106
type ii cells have what type of tissue?
cuboidal epithelial cells that produce surfact ant
107
what happens during inspiration?
- intrapleural pressure decreases
- atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure
- diaphragm contracts, causing it to flatten and move inferiorly
- external intercoastal contract, lifting the ribs up and out
- thoracic cavity volume increases
- its an active process
- sternum moves up and out
- lungs expand
108
what cavities or membranes are directly related to the lungs?
- pleural cavity
- thoracic cavity
- ventral body cavity
- parietal pleura
- visceral pleura
109
transpulmonary pressure... (hint: must be maintained why, > pressure = what, its the pressure that keeps what open)
- must be maintained properly in order to keep the lung from collapsing
- the greater this pressure is, the larger the lungs are
- it is the thoracic pressure that keep the air spaces of the lungs open
110
what are all of the digestive processes the small intestine accomplishes?
- mechanical breakdown
- propulsion
- absorption
- digestion
111
what are the digestive processes the anus accomplishes?
defecation
112
what are the functions of the large intestine?
- valsalva maneuver
- defecation reflex
- vitamin synthesis
- keep pathogenic bacteria in check
- fermentation
- elimination
113
true or false: when discussing digestive processes we encounter both sphincters and circular muscles. the main difference between these two types of muscle is that circular muscles function in propulsion of digested material, whereas a sphincter is a thickening of the circular muscle that prevents movement of digested materials.
true
114
what organ is this:
- it processes bloodborne nutrients
- it functions in detoxification
- it produces bile
- it stores vitamins
- it contains stellate macrophages
liver
115
what organ is this:
- contains structural modifications to increase surface area and slow progression of chyme
- absorbs water
- major site of nutrient absorption
- body's major digestive organ
- its brush border enzymes help break down carbohydrates and proteins
- nutrients absorbed are transported via the hepatic portal vein or lymph to the liver
- benefits from the addition of digestive enzymes from the pancreas
small intestine
116
what organ is this:
- nuclease production and release
- production and secretion of insulin and glucagon
- production and release of proteases
- production of alkaline solution
- production of pancreatic juice
- lipase production and release
- electrolyte secretion
- amylase production and release
pancreas
117
place the locations that food passes through on its way through the digestive system (1-19)
1. mouth
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
4. esophagus
5. gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter
6. stomach
7. pyloric valve (sphincter)
8. duodenum
9. jejunum
10. ileum
11. ileocecal valve
12. cecum
13. ascending colon
14. transverse colon
15. descending colon
16. sigmoid colon
17. rectum
18. anal canal
19. anus
118
what accessory digestive organ creates saliva, a mixture of mucus and serous fluids, to moisten and bind food together. its secretion also helps dissolve chemicals so that food can be tasted
salivary glands
119
what accessory digestive organ stores and concentrates the bile created by the liver?
gallbladder
120
what accessory digestive organ functions in mastication, using molars to grind and incisors to cut?
teeth
121
what accessory digestive organ produces many digestive enzymes that break down food after being secreted into the duodenum, as well as an alkaline fluid with the enzymes to help neutralize stomach acid. also produces the hormones glucagon and insulin?
pancreas
122
what accessory digestive organ is the largest gland in the body that produces bile to emulsify ingested fats?
liver
123
what digestive processes does the esophagus accomplish?
propulsion
124
what digestive processes does the mouth accomplish?
- digestion
- propulsion
- ingestion
- mechanical breakdown
125
what digestive processes does the stomach accomplish?
- mechanical breakdown
- propulsion
- digestion
- absorption
126
what enzymes act on the small intestine?
- brush border enzymes
- pancreatic protease
- pancreatic lipase
- pancreatic amylase
127
what enzymes act on the mouth?
- salivary amylase
- lingual lipase
128
what enzymes acts on the stomach?
pepsin
129
what hormone produced in the stomach is mainly responsible for controlling gastric secretion?
gastrin
130
true or false: pressure within the stomach remains constant until around 1.5L of food is ingested, at which point the pressure rises. this relatively unchanging pressure can eb attributed entirely to gastric acommodation
false
131
what role do prostaglandins play in the the human body?
play a role in smooth muscle contraction, blood pressure control and inflammation
132
what role do triglycerides play in the the human body?
major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes
133
what role does cholesterol play in the the human body?
important plasma membrane stabilization molecule that also serves as a bile salt precursor and steroid hormone precursor
134
what role does adipose tissue play in the the human body?
protective cushioning, insulation and energy storage
135
what role do phospholipids play in the the human body?
important component of myelin sheaths and cell membranes
136
what are functions of the digestive system?
- defecation
- ingestion
- propulsion
- mechanical breakdown
- absorption
- digestion
137
what do mucous neck cells secrete?
produces thin, acidic mucous
138
what do surface epithelial cells secrete?
produce a two layer coat of alkaline mucus and protease enzymes
139
what do parietal cells secrete?
produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
140
what do chief cells secrete?
produces pepsinogen and lipases
141
what do enteroendocrine cells secrete?
produce gastrin, somatostatin, histamine, and serotonin
142
what processes occur within the stomach?
- chyme delivery to small intestine
- protein digestion
- mechanical food breakdown
- protein denaturation
- secretion of intrinsic factor
- food holding area
143
what 3 things help form the stomach mucosal barrier?
- bicarbonate rich mucus
- quickly dividing stem cells
- tight junctions b/w epithelial cells
144
what is defecation?
elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus
145
what is digestion?
enzymes secreted into the lumen of the GI tract break down complex food molecules into their chemical building blocks
146
what is ingestion?
taking in food
147
what is absorption?
passage of digestive end products from the GI tract lumen through mucosal cells by active or passive transport into blood or lymph
148
what is propulsion?
moving food through the digestive tract, including swallowing and peristalsis
149
what is mechanical breakdown?
increasing the surface area of ingested food to prepare it for enzymatic digestion, including chewing, churning, and segmentation
150
parietal cell secretion that activates pepsin, keeps stomach pH b/w 1.5-3.5, helps denature proteins, breaks down plant cell walls and helps kill ingested bacteria
hydrochloric acid (HCI)
151
lipid-digesting enzymes produced by chief cells
lipases
152
act as a paracrine to increase production of stomach acid
histamine
153
acts as a paracrine to decrease production of stomach acid, but it is better known as a neurotransmitter in the brain
serotonin
154
inhibits gastric secretion, pancreatic secretion, GI blood flow and bile release
somatostatin
155
glycoprotein produced by parietal cells that is needed for vitamin b12 absorption
intrinsic factor
156
increases HCI secretion, stimulates gastric emptying and intestinal muscle movement, relaxes ileocecal valve and stimulates mass movements
gastrin
157
produced by chief cells in its inactive form and converted to pepsin by HCI in the stomach lumen
pepsinogen
158
true or false: enterohepatic circulation is a bile salt conservation mechanism that recycles about 95% of the bile salts secreted in bile
true
159
what is the order that food entering the large intestine would encounter digestive organs (1-9)
1. ileocecal valve
2. cecum
3. ascending colon
4. transverse colon
5. descending colon
6. sigmoid colon
7. rectum
8. anal canal
9. anus
160
what digestive processes does the pharynx accomplish?
propulsion
161
which section of the small intestine is responsible for bile salt reclamation?
ileum
162
what is the process where simple chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract?
absorption
163
what is the large, ingested molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) are broken down via hydrolysis, a catabolic reaction
chemical digestion
164
what are all chemical reactions in the body?
metabolism
165
what is the wave-like smooth muscle contraction that moves food through the alimentary canal?
peristalsis
166
what is the mechanical process of breaking down food into simpler units within the alimentary canal called?
mechanical digestion
167
what is localized smooth muscle contractions in the small intestine that move chyme forward and backward?
segmentation
168
what are the digestive processes the large intestine accomplishes?
- absorption
- propulsion
169
bile salt reclamation, migrating motor complex (mmc), source of digestive enzymes, regulation of chyme entry, and segmentation are digestive processes attributed to what organ?
small intestine
170
8-12 large papillae at the back of the tongue that contain taste buds
vallate papillae
171
walnut-sized salivary gland at the base of the lingual frenulum, medial to the mandibular body
submandibular gland
172
salivary gland b/w the masseter muscle and skin, which often temporarily aches after ingestion of particularly sour substances
parotid gland
173
function to masticate, move and break down food into smaller pieces
teeth
174
almond-shaped gland with 10-20 ducts that empty into the floor of the mouth
sublingual gland
175
palatine bones that provide a firm surface for the tongue to push food against while chewing
hard palate
176
skin covering the orbicularis oris
lips
177
cleanses the mouth, dissolves food chemicals to allow taste, moisten food to forma bolus and contains the enzymes salivary amylase (for starch digestion) and lingual lipase (for lipid digestion)
saliva
178
papillae on the tongue that appear red due to their vascular core and contain taste buds
fungiform papillae
179
pleat-like papillae on the lateral aspect of the tongue that appear red due to their vascular core and contain taste buds
foliate papillae
180
muscles confined to the tongue that help it change shape (thicker/thinner/longer/shorter), but not move
intrinsic tongue muscles
181
keratin-filled papillae on the tongue that provide friction to help move food
filiform papillae
182
skin covering muscles of mastication, primarily the buccinators
cheeks
183
skeletal muscle covering the nasopharynx during swallowing, from which the uvula is suspended
soft palate
184
tongue muscles with skeletal bone origins that move the tongue side to side, contract and protrude it
extrinsic muscles of the tongue
185
what is being described below:
- emulsifies lipids (fats) in the duodenum
- contains cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, and electrolytes in addition to bilirubin
- produced by hepatocytes
- both an excretory product and digestive secretion
bile
186
what describes the buccal phase of swallowing?
- tongue presses against the hard palate
- the food bolus is pushed into the oropharynx
- upper esophageal sphincter is closed
- involves voluntary tongue contraction
