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Psychology Intro Developmental > Lecture Slides > Flashcards

Lecture Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

A _______ is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each ________ contains all of the info needed to build and maintain that organism.

A

Genome, genome

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2
Q

In humans, a copy of the entire genome, more than 3 billion DNA base pairs, is contained in all ________ that have a nucleus.

A

cells

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3
Q

How many feet of DNA strand are compacted in Cell?

A

6ft.

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4
Q

______ reads DNA to make protien!

A

RNA

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5
Q

When genes are tightly bound, it keeps them from being _______or read.

A

expressed

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6
Q

So, DNA is _______ in all cells of an individual & _________ different across individuals (except identical twins).

A

same; different

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7
Q

If DNA is ______ in all cells, why do we have different kinds of cells?
If identical twins have identical DNA, how do they end up _______?

A

identical; differing

Environment

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8
Q

__________ is the study of: all the cases where the genetic code alone isn’t enough to describe what’s happening-there must be something else going on as well

A

Epigenetics; genes and DNA don’t define us completely

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9
Q

Waddington’s (1948)The Epigenetic Landscape claims that there is no simple correspondence between ________&________. Rather, there is an interaction of genes with one another and with the ___________.
The marble on the hill: at the top________, and rolling downhill- increased, irreversible ___________.

A

Genes & outcome; with environment; undifferentiated cell; differentiation. (downward because cant roll back up! it’s also nature! hill represent SES, Family, and School etc.)

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10
Q

“Marble Location: Top of the Hill”

A

Zygote

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11
Q

The first stage of development- ________ can form every cell in body + placenta

A

totipotent

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12
Q

Down the hill= _______

A

Blastocyst

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13
Q

Cell differentiation begins: _________(Placenta) & ___________

A

Trophoblasts; inner cell mass

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14
Q

Inner cell mass contains embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that are ________ (Can form every cell in body except ________)

A

pluripotent; placenta

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15
Q

Sperm contains ______ chromosomes and egg contains _____ chromosomes.

A

23; 23

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16
Q

cells know what to do through ______________ based on their location.

A

chemical messaging

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17
Q

Research has revealed ESCs can be maintained in ______ state so there is a hope for therapies. Differentiated cells can be _________________.
(e.g. a skin cell can “roll back uphill” to become a ________)

A

undifferentiated; reprogrammed back into stem cell; stem cell

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18
Q

In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka inserted ____ genes into differentiated cells and they were reprogrammed (induced) to _________.

A

4; pluripotency

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19
Q

What are the 4 inserted genes doing in the iPS cell research?

A

They’re undoing epigenetic Modification

20
Q

When you modify DNA you are altering whether or not a _________

A

gene is expressed

21
Q

What are the two major classes of epigenetic modifications?

A

DNA Methylation & Histone Acetylation

22
Q

What is DNA Methylation and what does it do?

A

Binds a methyl group to DNA (methyl sent down and attaches to DNA because of enzyme-external experiences). Begins a cascade of events that INTERFERE with gene expression. “SILENCING”

23
Q

What is Histone Acetylation and what does it do?

A

Binds acetyl group to histone (protein) and begins cascade of events that ENHANCE gene expression. (relaxes chromatin structure and unwinds, genes now available to be read or turned on.

24
Q

we still have the _____ genes but enzymes send different chemical groups that either turn on or off genes.

A

same

25
Q

Gene “Switched on”

A

Active (open) chromatin; unmethylated cytosines; acetylated histones

26
Q

Gene “Switched Off”

A

Silent (condensed) chromatin; Methylated cytosines; deacetylated histones

27
Q

DNA methylated =

A

OFF & TIGHT

28
Q

Acetylated Histones

A

ON & LOOSE (think loose ass)

29
Q

When you reprogram cells you move cells ______ in epigenetic landscape.

A

up

30
Q

In Takahashi & Yamanka study- the proteins expressed by inserted genes: _______ responsible for __________ and cell begins to ____________.

A

demethylate; pluripotency; dedifferentiate

31
Q

Takahashi and Yamanka research revealed that epigenetic markers _______ be removed.

A

could

32
Q

What are the long lasting effects of childhood trauma?

A

elevated cortisol levels in adults with traumatic childhoods

33
Q

In response to hippocampus: _______ releases ____ and arginine vaspressin, which stimulate _______ to release _______ which stimulates _______ to release ______ which circulate back to hippocampus and tells you to “calm down”.

A

Hypothalamus; CRH; Pituitary; ACTH; Cortisol

34
Q

What are effects of excess cortisol to the body?

A

EVERYTHING

35
Q

Maternal behavior of rats ________ the genes expression; less nurtured rats have ______ marks hiding the genes.

A

sculpted; more

36
Q

RATS: offspring to low licking mothers have ______ cortisol. So its not the genes of the mother, its the ________ of the mother.

A

More; behavior

37
Q

In healthy cells, ther is a balance between activity of _________ genes and __________ suppressor genes.

A

oncogenic (switch off); Tumor (associated with prevention, switch on)

38
Q

Cells become cancerous thru 2 processes: ________ to these genes (difficult to treat without destroying tissue) and _________ to these genes (_____ of ______ suppressor genes= decreased activity leads to invasive cancer; treatment with drugs that inhibit ________ responsible for methylation)

A

mutations; with epigenetic modifications; methylation of tumor; enzymes

39
Q

Normal cell =

A

oncogene turned off & tummor-suppressor switched on!

40
Q

unmethylated agouti gene in rats = ____________

and methylated agouti gene in rats = brown coat, normal weight

A

yellow coat; obese

41
Q

The epigenetic modifications of rats of the Agouti Gene were handed down to offspring but, _________ diet for pregnant yellow females = brown, healthy pups and _____ reduces________ of agouti but with diet of methyl rich + BPA food the pups are brown and healthy

A

methyl rich; BPA; methylation (tightens agouti gene so silences it)

42
Q

In the brains of mice induced to experience “chronic social defeat stress” the ___________ gene is silenced: indicating depression.

A

emotion processing

43
Q

with antidepressants there is evidence of histone acetylation, so the emotion processing gene is ___________.

A

activated

44
Q

Genotypes ______ determine how we live

A

dont

45
Q

Phenotypic plasticity allows us to cope with the variation that the ________ presents.

A

environment

46
Q

________ offers an explanation for how plasticity develops.

A

Epigenetics

47
Q

Epigonetic modifications come from the _________.

A

enviornment

Psychology Intro Developmental (1 decks)

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