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arec 251 > lecture slides > Flashcards

lecture slides Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Explain the impact of globalization on Canada’s sovereignty. Provide examples of international agreements.
A
  1. The impact of globalization on Canada’s sovereignty is evident through international agreements such as CUSMA (formerly NAFTA), CETA, and TPP. These agreements create interdependence, influencing decisions and policies within the country.
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2
Q
  1. Describe the Canadian state’s tradition. Why is it considered a weak state?
A
  1. Canada has a tradition as a weak state, meaning that state institutions do not dominate the policy agenda. Public policy is malleable and defined by the current government rather than being set in stone.
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3
Q
  1. Discuss the relationship between Ideas, Interests, and Institutions in shaping public policy in Canada. Provide examples of how each element contributes to the policy-making process.
A
  1. Ideas, Interests, and Institutions are integral to shaping public policy in Canada. Liberal ideas dominate, but conservative and social democratic perspectives also contribute. Canadian interests, diverse due to geography, and cultural aspects play a crucial role. Institutions, such as federalism, Parliament, and the courts, impact policy by legitimizing social power relationships, defining limits, and resolving conflicts. For instance, federalism reinforces regional characteristics, and Parliament sets the agenda. Overall, the interplay of these elements shapes the dynamic nature of public policy in Canada.
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4
Q
  1. Explain one challenge mentioned in the Trends in Policy Development – Participation section.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but possible points could include issues related to accessibility, public engagement, or trust in regulatory agencies.
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5
Q
  1. Describe the focus of the Cost trend in policy development and why it is considered important.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but possible points could include the importance of identifying hidden economic costs and the need for transparency.
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6
Q
  1. Provide one example of a Common Interest in policy development.
A
  1. Example: Clean air and water
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7
Q
  1. What is the significance of the Multicultural Implications section in the context of policy development?
A
  1. Answers may vary, but possible points could include the role of multiculturalism in policy and the challenges it poses.
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8
Q
  1. Discuss the impact of Political Realities, specifically regionalism, on Canadian policies.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but possible points could include how regionalism influences policies in different parts of Canada.
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9
Q
  1. Explain the basic process involved in the regulatory approval of conventional crops in Canada.
  2. List three claims made by anti-biotech activists regarding GM crops.
A
  1. Breeders are responsible for managing risks in their research programs in isolation (phytotron, laboratory, greenhouse). Once a stable cultivar is developed, the formal system starts using field trials. The data from field trials is submitted to variety recommending committees, and the Variety Recommending Office of the CFIA has final authority over the decision.
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10
Q
  1. What are the key criteria established during the workshops held between 1988 and 1994 for the regulation of Plants with Novel Traits (PNTs)?
A
  • GM crops not tested on humans
  • No long term studies conducted
  • Only industry data used
  • Plants with traits that are sufficiently different from the same (or similar) species require a risk assessment.
  • The product, not the process, should be regulated.
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11
Q
  1. Describe the present regulatory frameworks for GM crops and mention any changes observed over the past 25 years.
A
  1. The basic regulatory framework for GM crops hasn’t changed much in the past 25 years, but it has become more rigid and difficult to navigate. Health Canada and the CFIA are reducing regulations for varieties created by genome editing, treating them as conventional varieties.
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12
Q
  1. Discuss the role of international institutions such as IPPC, OIE, and Codex Alimentarius in establishing standards for plants, animals, and foods.
A
  1. International institutions such as IPPC, OIE, and Codex Alimentarius establish science-based standards for plants, animals, and foods. They provide non-binding dispute avoidance systems, technical expertise to WTO, and nominate experts for WTO dispute panels.
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13
Q
  1. Explain one health benefit associated with GM crops, providing a relevant study as evidence. (5 points)
A
  1. (Answer will vary, but should reference a specific health benefit and study from the information provided.)
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14
Q
  1. Discuss the regulatory challenges mentioned in the provided information and provide an example of a country affected by regulatory delays. (5 points)
A

Answer will vary, but should discuss a specific example of a country affected by regulatory delays and the challenges faced.)

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15
Q
  1. What are socio-economic considerations, and why are they important in the context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety? (5 points)
A
  1. (Answer should define socio-economic considerations and explain their importance in the context of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety.)
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16
Q
  1. Describe one environmental benefit associated with the movement to minimum and zero tillage.
A
  1. One environmental benefit is improved soil moisture conservation, leading to better seeding conditions and improved germination.
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17
Q
  1. Explain the economic impact of reduced herbicide use, as estimated in the section on Environmental Impact.
A
  1. The estimated welfare effect of reduced herbicide use is $23 million, as farmers prefer to reduce the risks associated with herbicide exposure.
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18
Q
  1. Provide two indicators under the theme “Water” in the National Index on Agri-Food Performance.
A
  1. Sub-indicators under the theme “Water” include A. Water quality and B. Water use.
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19
Q
  1. In 2019, what were the net carbon emission trends in Saskatchewan soils for the periods 1991-1994 and 2016-2019?
A
  1. In the 91-94 period, Sask soils were a net C emitter at 0.28 Mt/yr, while in the 16-19 period, they were a net sink of 1.81 Mt/yr, annually storing up to 11% of Canada’s Paris Accord emission reductions.
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20
Q
  1. Briefly discuss one indicator under the “Health” theme in the second set of indicators.
A
  1. One indicator under the “Health” theme is A. Provision of nutrition information.
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21
Q
  1. Briefly explain the controversy surrounding IARC’s classification of glyphosate.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but the response should cover issues like editing of the report, manipulation of data, and conflicts of interest.
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22
Q
  1. What is the current status of glyphosate use in the European Union, and what factors influenced this decision?
A
  1. Answers may vary, but the response should include information about the renewal process, consultation, and the extension granted.
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23
Q
  1. Discuss the concerns raised about the California glyphosate lawsuit and its potential implications.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but the response should address the jury’s decision, cherry-picking of evidence, and the potential impact on farmers.
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24
Q
  1. Explain the statement: “Not all policies are created equally” in the context of glyphosate controversies.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but the response should discuss the different perspectives of organizations like EPA and IARC and emphasize the complexity of risk assessment.
25
Q
  1. Explain the importance of protecting Intellectual Property (IP), considering the global cost of cybercrime and Chinese theft of American IP.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but should include the economic impact and the significance of protecting IP in a global context.
26
Q
  1. Describe the risks and benefits associated with using trade secrets as a means of protecting IP.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but should include considerations about protection, costs, and risks associated with trade secrets.
27
Q
  1. Compare and contrast patents and Plant Breeders’ Rights in terms of protection, benefits, and risks.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but should highlight the differences and similarities between patents and Plant Breeders’ Rights.
28
Q
  1. Discuss the challenges of accessing IP and provide examples of options available to address these challenges.
A
  1. Answers may vary, but should include discussions about the differences in motivations between public and private entities, the complexity of projects, and the various options available for accessing IP.
29
Q
  1. Define social license in agriculture and provide one example.
A
  1. Social license in agriculture is the community or group acceptance or backing of a particular idea, action, or value related to farming practices. Example: The community approving a new farming technique that promotes sustainability.
30
Q
  1. Identify three groups mentioned in the text that are required to give ‘buy-in’ for social license in the oil and gas sector.
A
  1. Aboriginal communities, Environmental groups, Agricultural communities
31
Q
  1. What role do farmers play in addressing the public’s concerns about food production, as mentioned in the summary?
A
  1. Farmers are one of the highest trusted groups to speak about food. They have an opportunity to fill the information void by educating the public about agriculture and addressing concerns related to food production.
32
Q
  1. Explain the Methane Pledge and its potential impact on prairie farmers. (Answer in 2-3 sentences)
A
  1. The Methane Pledge involves countries representing 45% of global methane emissions pledging to reduce their emissions by 30% by 2030. The potential impact on prairie farmers could be significant if methane emissions, particularly from cattle, become taxed.
33
Q
  1. Discuss the role of risk in improving food security, particularly the evolution of risk determination mentioned in the presentation. (Answer in 3-4 sentences)
A
  1. The role of risk in improving food security involves the evolution of risk determination. The presentation mentions the shift from a science-driven process to an “analytic-deliberative” process, highlighting the importance of regulatory approval time and the minimum ROI threshold of around 80%.
34
Q
  1. What are the three crucial things mentioned in the presentation to ensure that agricultural innovations address food insecurity adequately? (List and briefly explain)
A
  1. The three crucial things for agricultural innovations to address food insecurity are:
    * Levels of detectability: Testing at low thresholds to ensure safety.
    * Ending the decoupling of risk assessment and variety approval.
    * Socio-economic considerations.
35
Q
  1. Describe the risk assessment process for agricultural innovations and why socio-economic considerations are crucial. (Answer in 3-4 sentences)
A
  1. The risk assessment process for agricultural innovations involves hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Socio-economic considerations are crucial to ensure that innovations can adequately address food insecurity
36
Q
  1. Agricultural Biotechnology:
    * Provide two examples of regulations imposed on agricultural biotechnology.
A
    1. Answers may include mutagenesis of horticulture crops, irradiation of meats, vaccines, molecular markers, and genetic modification.
37
Q
  1. GMO Regulation:
    * Briefly explain the differences in GMO regulations between Canada & the USA and the EU & China.
A
  1. In Canada & the USA, regulations adjust to new technologies, while in the EU & China, technical changes make former regulations obsolete.
38
Q
  1. Assessing GM Adoption via Approvals:
    * Based on the information provided, what is the significance of the ISAAA GMO database?
A
  1. The ISAAA GMO database is significant for examining global regulatory approvals of GM crops and traits.
39
Q
  1. The Cost & Time of Policy:
    * Analyze the challenges and implications of the 20-30 month review process for biotech varieties in Canada and the US. Discuss how this process affects innovation and global food security.
A
    1. Answers may include discussions on the impact of the review process on innovation, the cost and time implications, and how it contributes to a disconnect between trade approvals
40
Q
  1. Explain the role of neonics in agriculture and the reasons behind the bans in Europe.
A
  1. Neonics are a widely used class of insecticides, but they were banned in Europe in 2013 due to their negative impact on pollinators, particularly honeybees. The ban aimed to address concerns about the decline in pollinator populations.
41
Q
  1. Discuss the potential challenges arising from the Global Methane Pledge and its impact on the cattle industry in Canada.
A
  1. The Global Methane Pledge commits countries to reducing methane levels by 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. However, challenges include uncertainties in reducing emissions, potential impacts on food prices, and questions about the effectiveness of the pledge given declining cattle numbers.
42
Q
  1. Describe the importance of empirically based policy and the role of evidence in shaping sound policy decisions.
A
  1. Empirically based policy relies on evidence, emphasizing that policy decisions should be grounded in transparent, well-defined, and rigorous scientific methods. Emotions-based policy can lead to problems and barriers.
43
Q
  1. Examine the environmental and agricultural implications of the ban on neonic use in Europe.
A
  1. The ban on neonic use in Europe has led to both positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts include reduced harm to pollinators, but negative consequences include declines in rapeseed production and the return to more environmentally toxic insecticides.
44
Q
  1. Explain the concept of predatory journals and their impact on scientific publishing.
A
  1. Predatory journals publish without peer review, often for a fee. The rise of such journals poses a threat to the quality of scientific publishing, as articles are not rigorously evaluated, leading to a potential erosion of scientific credibility.
45
Q
  1. Explain why neonics were banned in Europe in 2013.
A
  1. Neonics were banned in Europe in 2013 due to concerns that their use was killing pollinators, particularly honeybees. Studies in laboratory settings were used as justification.
46
Q
  1. Discuss the implications of France reversing its neonic ban in 2021.
A
  1. France reversed its neonic ban in 2021 due to sugar beet yield losses of up to 80%. This decision faced opposition from environmental groups.
47
Q
  1. Summarize the key findings of the 2011 United Nations Environmental Program report on Colony Collapse Disorder.
A
  1. The 2011 United Nations Environmental Program report suggested that Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in honeybee colonies is likely caused by a combination of factors, including pesticides, bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, or any combinations.
48
Q
  1. What are the three basic tenets of empirically-based science?
A
  1. The three basic tenets of empirically-based science are transparency in the process, publicly shared results and methods, and well-defined and rigorous data collection methods.
49
Q
  1. What is the role of peer review in ensuring the quality of scientific research?
A
  1. Peer review in academic journals involves assessing data, methods, results, and analysis by other experts to ensure the quality and reliability of scientific research.
50
Q
  1. Explain one natural and one technical inter-provincial trade barrier mentioned.
A
  1. Natural barriers include geographical factors such as distance, while technical barriers involve sector-specific regulations differing across provinces.
51
Q
  1. Describe the impact of the war in Ukraine on commodity exports and how it contributes to uncertainty.
A
  1. The war in Ukraine has lowered commodity exports, creating uncertainty in global markets.
52
Q
  1. What are two recent Canadian investments related to climate change, and why are they significant?
A
  1. Two recent Canadian investments include $4.6 billion for a battery plant in Quebec and $4.5 billion for clean energy innovations in September.
53
Q
  1. Why is the lack of transparency into grocery store profitability from directly consumable food items a concern?
A
  1. The lack of transparency is concerning because it hinders understanding the percentage of profits from directly consumable food items.
54
Q
  1. What is one international factor contributing to higher food prices, and how does it affect transportation costs?
A
  1. The international environmental and biodiversity agreements calling for less fertilizer and chemical use will result in less food produced and increased transportation costs.
55
Q
  1. Describe the key components of the EU Green Deal, also known as Farm to Fork.
A
  1. The key components of the EU Green Deal include a 50% reduction in chemical use, a 20% reduction in fertilizer, a 50% reduction in anti-microbials, and a tripling of organic production.
56
Q
  1. Explain the ENGOs’ stance on mutagenic breeding technologies and their historical use.
A
  1. ENGOs oppose the use of enhanced mutagenic breeding technologies and claim that mutagenesis has been safely used since the 1930s.
57
Q
  1. Elaborate on the political fallout in the Netherlands due to the Dutch government’s decision on nitrogen emissions.
A
  1. The Dutch government’s decision on nitrogen emissions led to plans to shut down nearly one-third of all farms, resulting in the formation of a political party by farmers, which now holds the greatest number of seats in the Dutch Senate.
58
Q
  1. Discuss the role of academia in countering the disinformation spread by ENGOs, according to the information provided.
A
  1. Academia is depicted as avoiding confrontation with ENGOs, leading to a lack of counter-factual evidence in public discourse.
59
Q
  1. Assess the impact of the Canadian government’s new GHG plan on food prices and the rationale behind it.
A
  1. The Canadian government’s new GHG plan aims to keep vast amounts of western Canadian oil and gas in the ground, contributing to higher food prices due to the lack of pipelines.

arec 251 (4 decks)

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