Lecture Six - Nervous system (systems and senses) Flashcards
What are some features of synapses?
They integrate excitatory and inhibitory information.
They are afected by toxins and disease.
They are modifiable, both chemically and structurally.
What is Acetylcholine?
It is a neurotransmitter.
The main excitatory neurotransmitter.
Excitatory to skeletal muslces.
Botox - botilism toxin blocks ACh release.
Nicotine - binds to ACh receptor.
What are some examples of amino acids involved in synapses?
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an amino acid.
Most inhibitory synapses.
IPSPs by increasing Cl- permeability.
Glutemate is always excitatory.
Most common neurotransmitter in the brain.
In proteinacrous food or additive (MSG).
What are biogenetic amines and what are some examples of them (in relation to synapses)?
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine):
Exitatory to vertebrate heart.
Excitatory to autonomic NS.
Also functions as a hormone.
Dopamine:
Affect mood, sleep and learning (memory).
A lack of dopamine - associated with Parkinson’s Disease.
LSD (hallucinatory) - bind to dopamine and serotonin receptors.
Prozac (fluoxetin) - inhibits reuptake of serotonin.
Dopamine and drugs: Affect neurotransmitters, affect ‘reward system’ and affect dopamine recretion.
How does the neurotoxin in a red back spider bite affect the body?
Makes membrane more permiable to Ca2+.
assive, acute release of neurotransmitters.
Rapid muscle fire (cramps).
Paralysis.
Depletoin of neurotransmitters.
What is the difference between neurons and glia cells?
Neurons - information conducting cells.
- Chemical signals.
- Electrical signals.
- Connections.
Glia - supporting cells.
- Structural.
- Protection.
- Metabolism.
- Insulation.
What are glia cells, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes and microglial cells?
Glia cells:
Support cells.
Ten times the number of glia cells than neurons.
Oligodendrocytes:
A type of glia cell.
Found in the CNS.
Form myelin sheaths around axons.
Myelin is fatty substance (white).
Schwann cells:
A type of glia cell.
Found in the PNS.
Astrocytes:
A type of glia cell.
Bloof-brain barrier.
Microglial cells:
A type of glia cell.
Immune response (macrophages).
What diiferent kinds of energy are the senses?
Mechanical (mechanoreceptors):
Touch - skin, whiskers, hair.
Strech - muscles.
Hearing - movement of air.
Balance - displacement.
Chemical (chemoreceptors):
Olfaction - smell.
Gustation - taste.
Thermal (thermoreceptors):
Cold.
Hot.
Electromagnetic:
Light - photoreceptors.
Infrared.
Electric field.
What components make up the CNS and the PNS?
CNS - integration:
Brain.
Spinal chord.
PNS - input/output:
Sensory (afferent).
Motor (efferent).
What is white and gray matter?
Gray matter:
Cell bodies.
Dendrites.
Synapses.
Unmylenated axons.
White matter:
Myelinated axons.
Neural tube:
Spinal chord (central canal).
Brain (ventricles).
Draw the diagram of the CNS and PNS.
Which parts of the brain and spinal chord belong to the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
What is the structure of the brain through delevopment?
What are the different divisions of the brain, and their functions?
Brain stem:
Functions - Autonomic functions (heart rate, breathing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing). Sensory relar centres. Attension, arousal and sleep.
Parts - Medullu oblongata, pons and midbrain.
Cerebellum:
Functions - Fine motor control/skills (motor learning).
Diencephalon:
Thalamus - Manages sensory input and motor output. regulates emotions.
Hypothalamus - Maintains body temeprature (thermostat). Hunger thirst, biological clock. Homeostasis, endocrine regulation.
Cerebrum:
Functions - Senory integration. Voluntary movements. Particularly extensive in mammals (folded in higher mammals). Cognition.
