lecture seven Flashcards
What defines the Late Modern Era?
A transformative period (late 18th – mid-20th c.) marked by revolutions, legal reforms, rise of nation-states, and global conflicts.
Which events shaped the Late Modern Era?
French & American Revolutions, Congress of Vienna, 1848 Revolutions, WWI & WWII, rise of fascism and communism.
Why is the US independence (1776) significant globally?
Introduced Enlightenment ideas like individual rights and constitutional governance, inspiring reforms worldwide.
How did the US Constitution influence others?
Inspired documents like Poland’s Constitution (1791) and consulted by European and Latin American reformers.
What caused the French Revolution (1789)?
Absolutism and social inequality (Three Estates).
What document emerged from the French Revolution?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789).
Key rights from the 1789 Declaration?
Liberty, property, resistance to oppression, legal equality, free speech, religion.
What is the Napoleonic Code?
A civil code (1804) standardizing law across France and Europe, emphasizing clarity and individual rights.
What did the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) aim to do?
Restore balance of power in Europe post-Napoleon and reinforce monarchies.
What was the “Spring of Nations” (1848)?
A wave of revolutions demanding liberal reforms, national self-determination, and civil rights.
What fueled 19th-century nationalism?
Shared language, culture, and identity replacing old multi-ethnic empires.
When and how was Germany unified?
In 1871 under Otto von Bismarck, after three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France.
What was the Risorgimento?
Italy’s unification movement (completed in 1871), led by Garibaldi, Cavour, and King Victor Emmanuel II.
What artistic movements defined the 19th century?
Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism (e.g. Monet), Post-Impressionism (e.g. Van Gogh).
What influenced education reform in the 19th century?
Compulsory schooling, rise in literacy, and the belief in education for citizenship.
How did religion shape society in the 19th century?
Evangelical revival and Victorian values promoted work ethic, family, and social reforms.
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
A tech boom (1870–1914) with steel, electricity, medicine, and factory systems transforming daily life.
What were its social effects?
Improved living standards, urbanization, new jobs, but also labor issues.
What is socialism?
A 19th-century movement promoting collective ownership, fair distribution, and workers’ rights.
Who were early socialists?
Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen, and Proudhon (who also influenced anarchism).
What is Marxism’s core idea?
History is class struggle; capitalism is unjust and will be replaced by socialism and communism.
What is Catholic Social Teaching?
A doctrine (from 1891’s Rerum Novarum) promoting worker dignity, opposing both socialism and capitalism.
What is anarchism?
A belief opposing government, emphasizing self-rule; thinkers include Proudhon and Malatesta.
What defined Italian Fascism?
Nationalism, authoritarianism, and total control under Mussolini.
What was the League of Nations?
A post-WWI peace organization (1920–1946), failed to prevent WWII.
What was Nazi ideology?
Racial supremacy, totalitarianism, and genocidal policies under Hitler.
What was Soviet totalitarianism under Stalin?
Centralized control, purges, gulags, and political repression to enforce communism.
What was the outcome of WWII in 1945?
Founding of the United Nations to promote peace and human rights.
