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Clin Phase 1 > Lecture Reading Material > Flashcards

Lecture Reading Material Flashcards

1
Q

LOCQSMAT (L)

A

Point to it? Write location as clearly as possible (R, L, b/l)
Does it radiate to an extremity? How far? What side? What surface?

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2
Q

LOCQSMAT (O)

A

What caused it? When did it happen? Gradual or sudden onset?

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3
Q

LOCQSMAT (C)

A

First ask: are the symptoms constant or intermittent
Constant - Truly 24 hours a day, prevent sleep, percent of day
Intermittent - Associated with certain circumstances, frequency and duration, morning/night pattern, is there night pain, getting worse/better, prior history

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4
Q

LOCQSMAT (S)

A

(0-10)
ADLs - miss any work, affect performance/ self-home care. Record specific activites
Know MCID

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5
Q

LOCQSMAT (Q)

A

Describe the pain or symptoms. Use patient’s words

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6
Q

LOCQSMAT (M)

A

Prescribed medication, OTC medications, vitamins, long time medication

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7
Q

LOCQSMAT (A)

A

Associated

Allergies

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8
Q

LOCQSMAT (T)

A

Chiropractic care and last physical
F: last gyn
+40 m: A rectal exam to evaluate prostate

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9
Q

Family health history

A

Start with mother, father, GD, GM
Deceased: how old, cause, any other problems
If notable ask other relatives

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10
Q

Personal: general categories

A 
Occupation
Exercise
Interests
Diet
Sleep pattern
Bowel habits
Urinary habits
Habits - alcohol, smoking, drugs
Living situation
Domestic violence
Stress
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11
Q

Red Flags for Cancer

A
  • Age > 50
  • History of cancer
  • Unexplained weight loss
    No relief with bed rest
    One month of no treatment
    Pain duration over one month
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12
Q

Constitutional signs and symptoms as Red Flags for disease

A 
Fever
Malaise
Loss of apetite
Significant, unexplained fatigue
Bilateral sciatica in patients over 50
Sciatica with bizarre, non-dermatomal sensory symptoms
Sciatica non-responsive to treatment or negative low back findings
Urinary changes
Multiple Joint Involvement
Sexual dysfunction
Abnormal menstrual bleeding/pain
GI symptoms
GU symptoms
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13
Q

Red Flags for Serious Diseases from Physical Exam

A

Neurological deficits in older patients (20% of spinal malignancy have neurological defects)
Alarm sign - Patient points to specific area in leg/pelvis during SLR. MB local mass.
Pain with spinal percussion - local over 1-2 SP, painful and lingers
Hip pain with contracture
Pronounced loss of hip flexor strength - Can be suggestive of COL affecting cord
Palpable mass
Significant bony tenderness - bony diseases
Vascular deficits - PAD and DVT
Deformity
AAA

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14
Q

Red Flags from Ancillary Studies

A

Back pain with elevated ESR
Back pain with increased serum calcium, protein and/or alkaline phosphatase - Bone cancer
Back pain with anemia
Back pain with pathological imaging

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15
Q

MCID

A

General musculoskeletal: 2-3 points
LBP Score of 5 or more: 2 points
LBP below 5: 1 point
Child: 1 point

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16
Q

UWS 4-Part Diagnosis

A

Pathoanatomical
Neurological
Biomechanical
Complicators

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17
Q

Pathoanatomical

A

Anatomical or othropedic

Location, HA - tension/cervicogenic/vascular, nerve entrapment

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18
Q

Neurological

A

Include neurological signs, include the nature of radiation, as well as location

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19
Q

Biomechanical

A

“chiropractic portion”
Diagnosis based on joint dysfunction or muscle dysfunction that generates pain
include location and type of ailment (MFTP, myofibrosis, etc.)

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20
Q

Biomechanical (joint dysfunction diagnosis)

A

Includes:
Location - general region
An acceptable term for joint dysfunction: segmental dysfunction, joint dysfunction, or subluxation syndrome

Do not use the term restriction

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21
Q

Complicators

A

Factors that are not pain generators
Include if they may affect condition

Central canal, functional instability, DDD, Bone anomalies and structural changes, Upper/lower cross syndrome

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22
Q

Fracture Activity Modifications

A

Keep the fracture stable, try not to bump it (compress/distract/bend)
Use opposite extremity

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23
Q

Acute Low Back Pain Modifications

A

Hold neutral pelvis, hip hinge and perform abdominal bracing during transition movements, long drives, sleep position
Avoid sustained bending, sitting, immobility

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24
Q

LBP with Extension Modifications

A

Avoid standing for more than 20 minutes without position change
Alleviate extension during standing periods by leaning or putting foot up on a step
Avoid working with hands above head, lifting heavy objects alone

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25
Q

LBP with Flexion Modifications

A

Limit sitting or change sitting to reduce flexion
Hip hinge during transition movement
Rise form chair by perching on edge, keeping back straight and push off with arms

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26
Q

LBP with Rotation Modifications

A

Avoid asymmetrical loads, use two hands to push or pull

Change hands to avoid painful motion

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27
Q

Neck Injury Extension Modifications

A

Avoid sustained extension, take breaks from position

Avoid sustained or repetitive chin poking

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28
Q

Neck Injury Flexion Modifications

A

Avoid sustained flexion

reading in bed, long periods of looking down reading

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29
Q

Overuse Syndrome Modifications

A

Requires temporarily stopping the activity then a graded return
Use braces to protect area during activities and sleep may require orthopedic support/devices

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30
Q

Working up Musculoskeletal Problems Pneumonic

A

No Men Love PiGs Stealing SuCculent Pork
(disease), Neuro, MOI, Load, Pain generators (biomech), Severity, Structural Complicators, Prognosis
Order is first to last

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31
Q

What is the difference between radiculitis and radiculopathy

A
  • itis: An inflamed nerve root but does not present with neuro deficits
  • opathy: A damaged nerve root that has neuro deficits
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32
Q

What is the difference between radicul- and neur- issues

A

Radicul-: Damage to a nerve root

Neur-: Damage to a peripheral nerve

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33
Q

Causes of Radicular Pain Syndrome

A: _____, ______, _____

A

A: Herniated Disc (lumbar), Spinal stenosis (lumbar), Osteophyte in the IVF (cervical)

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34
Q

Causes of Radicular Pain Syndrome

B: _____, ______, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A

B: SOL, NR adhesion, Istability (str. not fun.), fracture, infection, Traction injury or compression injury (Cx only), spondylolisthesis (Lx if unstable)

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35
Q

5 Point Screen for Cervical Nerve Roots neuropathic lesion

A 
Pain
Paresthesia
SMR neurological changes
"Big 5" orthopedic tests
Other Spinal Load Tests (reproduces Sx immediately)
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36
Q

Hints for neuropathic pain

A

Pain distribution is dermatomal or follows a nerve
Quality is sharp, stabbing or electrical
MORE SEVERE THAN neck/back pain
Certain positions aggravate the extremity Sx
Aggravated by hot, cold, or light pressure

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37
Q

Big 5 orthopedic tests

A 
Cervical lateral and maximal compression
Cervical distraction (reduces pain)
ULTT - median nerve
Shoulder abduction tests
Valsalva
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38
Q

5 Point Screen for Lumbar Nerve Roots neuropathic lesion

A 
Pain
Paresthesia
SMR neurological changes
Positive Nerve Tension Tests
Other Spinal Loading procedures (AROM, Valsalva, Kemp's)
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39
Q

Nerve Tension Tests for Lx Nerve Roots

A

SLR, Bowstring, femoral nerve stretch test

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40
Q

Ancillary for assessing radicular pain

A

x-rays, CT, MRI, and electrophysiological studies

Nerve Conduction Studies and needle electromyelography

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41
Q

Deep somatic referred pain syndrome causes

A 
Facet syndrome
Disc derangement
Subluxation syndrome
Mayo fasciae pain syndrome
Generalized sprain/strain
Maigne’s syndrome
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42
Q

Clinical indicators of deep referred pain syndrome

A

Diffuse pain
Diffuse parenthesis
Absence of nerve compression signs
Absence of nerve stretch signs
Ortho tests may be positive but will not create pain in referral pattern
Ancillary tests are not needed and usually negative for nerve involvement

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43
Q

Broad categories of Injury mechanisms

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A

Traumatic, repetitive stress, (end range)postural, sudden uncoordinated movement, normal activity in an unstable spine

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44
Q

Causes of repetitive stress

A

Job or sports related. Often a combination of ergonomic and biomechanical

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45
Q

Causes of a sustained postural overload

A

Slowly irritated by long sustained loads especially at end range
Prolonged standing - extension
Prolonged sitting - flexion
Pain from joints and ligaments but not muscles

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46
Q

The two steps of analysis of the mechanism of injury

A

Decide the broad category of injury

Decide what were the magnitude and direction of the forces involved

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47
Q

What are the two main types of Injurious loads to the low back

A

Torsional injuries
Compression injuries
(or a combination)

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48
Q

Structures most at risk for traumatic compression in neutral

A

First rule out: end plate or compression fracture
Second suspicion: ligamentous sprain due to shear loads
Third suspicion: nonspecific tissue (posterior disc herniation is unlikely)

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49
Q

Compression fracture clues from history in neutral compression
(age and load)

A

Moderate to severe loads in adults
Mild to moderate loads in patients over 50
Spontaneous in patients over 70

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50
Q

Compression with the spine in flexion at end range

A

First rule out: Disc injury (internal derangement/mb herniation), compression fracture (moderate to heavy load or in an osteoporotic patients), traumatic, sprain of posterior ligaments

Second suspicion: Joint injury (facet/SI), joint dysfunction, MFTPs, etc.

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51
Q

Compression with spine in extension at end range

A

First rule out: Stenosis, facet syndromes, joint dysfunction

52
Q

An older patient with leg symptoms that suffered a compression load in extension

A

Stenosis

53
Q

Treatment considerations for compression in flexion at end range

A

Avoid hyperflexion behaviors and postures
Treatments that promote extension and avoid flexion exercises
Find weak link that might promote flexion (bilateral iliopsoas tightness)

54
Q

Treatment considerations for compression in extension at end range

A

Avoid hyperflexion (heels, standing, lifting weight above waist, prone on a soft mattress)
Flexion therapies
Weak link in kinesthetic chain that promotes extension loads (weak abs and tight extensors)

55
Q

Structures most at risk with torsional injuries

A

First rule out facet injury if more in neutral; A disc injury if combined with flexion

Second suspicion is a sprain, strain, or joint dysfunction

56
Q

Treatment considerations for torsional injuries

A

Avoid torsional side-posture adjustments that reproduce the injury
Correlate with dominant hand (avoid twisting in the direction of the injury
Avoid lateral bending that reproduces the torsion

57
Q

Clues from the history indicating for the load sensitivities
_____, _____, _____

A

Aggravating and relieving factors - find out specifically what aggravates and relieves symptoms and analyze the likely mechanical loads on the spine
Effects on ADLs - by finding activity intolerances it is possible to find out what loads to avoid and what is damaged
Description of the patient’s work or recreation activities

58
Q

Clues from physical indicating load sensitivities

_____, _____, _____

A

AROM
Basic orthopedic tests that load the joints
Repetitive or sustained loading

59
Q

DDx list for Flexion load sensitivity

_____, _____, _____

A 
Disc derangement/herniation
Posterior ligament sprain
Compression fracture (high load or osteoporosis)
60
Q

Treatment strategies for flexion load sensitivities

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A

Teach hip hinging strategies (neutral pelvis and abdominal bracing)
Avoid sustained or repetitive flexion (bending, lifting, squatting, sitting)
Have patient do Brugger or lumbar roll when sitting
Teach how to sit on ischial tuberoisities
Consider exercises that promote extension

61
Q

DDx list for extension load sensitivities

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A 
Facet syndromes
Anterior disc derangement (uncommon)
Stenosis
Osteophytes in the IVF (older pts with leg symptoms)
Sponylolisthesis (unstable)
62
Q

Treatment strategies for rotational load sensitivities

A

Avoid or modify asymmetrical rotational activities

Avoid twisting to that side

63
Q

DDX list for compression (axial) load sensitivity

A

Fractures
Disc herniation
Disc derangement
(though more often compression loads create bone injury once a disc is injured and swollen compressive loads can very often aggravate symptoms

64
Q

Treatment strategies for compression (axial) load sensitivities
_____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A 
Unload the spine using traction
Distraction
Avoid prolonged sitting and standing 
Limited bed rest (if severe)
Avoid exercises with high load penalties
65
Q

A loading directon that either ____, ____, ____

A

Centralizes symptoms, Improves symptoms, results in an increase in global range of spinal motion

66
Q

History of acute tears in derangement

A

Patient feels pop and pain comes on 30 min - 24 hr

Severe, sharp and stabbing with sudden movements aggravated by any movement of lumbar spine

67
Q

Referred pain with disc derangement

A

Unilateral or sometime bilateral to the butt or LE

68
Q

History for posterior disc derangement

A

Sitting aggravates patient relatively rapidly and may be relieved by standing
Flexion load sensitivity but also aggravated by rotation and/or side bending
Dejerine’s triad

69
Q

PEx for posterior disc derangement

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A

Pain centralization (key predictor fo rdiscogenic pain)
Normal or flexion antalgia (sweet spot where disc is unloaded)
Lateral pelvic shift (correction is an early treatment goal)
AROM is painful and reduced (usually more in flexion)
Valsalva maneuver may induce pain
May be sensitive to axial compression
Pain with static palpation of adjacent SP

70
Q

Dejerine’s triad

A

Pain with:
Straining with a bowel movement
Counging
Sneezing

71
Q

Muscle tests that produce axial compression

A

Active double straight leg raise
4 Quadrants test
Muscle testing hip flexors

72
Q

Working diagnosis for Disc Derangement

_____, _____, _____

A

Low back pain with referred butt, thigh, or leg pain that worsens with flexion activities and sitting
Low back and LE pain that can be centralized and diminished with positioning, manual procedures and/or repeated movements
Lateral trunk shift, reduced lumbar lordosis, limited lumbar extension mobility and movement and coordination impairments are common

73
Q

Disc Derangement pertinent negatives

_____, _____

A

Nerve tension tests and SMRs are all unremarkable

SI provocation does not provoke the patient’s familiar pain

74
Q

Radiographs and CT for Disc Derangement imaging indication

A

Usually not indicated unless there is consideration for a more aggressive treatment (surgical fusion)
X-ray, flex-extension, and CT are usually normal. There is usually no disc thinning

75
Q

MRI for Disc Derangement

A

Far more useful for ruling out. Absence of degeneration on an MRI was the only test to reduce likelihood

High intensity zone may help rule in

76
Q

Discography for Disc Derangement

A

Considered a gold standard

A positive MUST reproduce the patient’s characteristic pain and the dye demonstrate internal derangement

77
Q

What percent of lumbar pain is discogenic in origin?

A

40%

78
Q

What percent of lumbar pain is from the facet?

A

5-40%

60% if part of osteoarthritis

79
Q

Clues from history that indicate lumbar facet syndrome

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A

Deep achy back pain localized to the paravertebral area
If acute there is transient pain with sudden movements
There may also be back stiffness that is more evident in the morning
Worse with hyperextension/rotation/lateral bending
Worse when trying to get out of bed, trying to stand after prolonged sitting, inactivity
Pain is relieved by moving around
Walking and sitting are least painful

80
Q

PEx for facet syndrome

_____, _____, _____, _____

A

Aggravated with extending up from flexion
Active hyperextension
Passive extension (prone extension test)
Extension combined with rotation produces local pain
Static palpation over the facets is tender
Motion palpation reveals a painful restricted joint

81
Q

A _____ Kemp’s test is good for _____ because _____

A

Negative, ruling out facet syndrome, it is commonly positive but it can also be positive for deranged disc and sprains

82
Q

Describe true positive Kemp’s test

A

Kemps test that creates leg pain. Indicates a possible nerve lesion.
Should think about conditions other than facet syndrome

83
Q

What are a few conditions indicated by true positive Kemp’s test
_____, _____

A

IVF stenosis, Spur in IVF

84
Q

Evidence against facet syndrome from PEx

A

Pain is unlikely to centralize from repetitive or sustained end range loading
No relief with recumbency (pert)
Negative Kemp’s test (pert)

85
Q

Pragmatic working diagnosis for facet syndrome

_____, _____, _____

A

Patient with paraspinal pain (unilateral or bilateral) who has

one of the following:
Extension > flexion increased pain, pain with rotation, combined extension and side flexion or Kemp’s, pain with palpation over facet and possible joint restriction

No evidence of:
Nerve involvement, pain centralization, positive painful SI joint challenging

86
Q

Ancillary studies for facet syndrome

A

Imaging is not needed

Degeneration has little correlation with the syndrome

87
Q

Facet Block Protocol

A

> 80% with a double facet block process

Corticosteroids and a local anesthetic and typically also with contrast medium

88
Q

Three Roads to a Sprain or Strain Diagnosis

_____, _____, _____

A

High load trauma:
If muscle tests are strongest positive then think strain
Passive joint loading tests are the strongest positives think sprain

Mechanism of injury unclear:
Evidence of tissue damage during PEx but dx unclear
can use sprain, strain or sprain-strain but unclear derangement or facet syndrome

Postural syndrome
Symptoms appear to result from holding sustained postures, physical is usually negative except spine is held in a sustained posture

89
Q

Strain Diagnosis

_____, _____, _____, _____

A

Trauma - repetitive microtrauma?
Contract: Isometric muscle tests are most provocative tests in rotation or extension
Palpate: Palpation is painful over the muscle or its attachments
Passive loading: End range stretching may also be painful

90
Q

Sprain Diagnosis

_____, _____, _____, _____

A

Trauma such as lifting or slip and fall (repetitive micro or sustained)
Passive orthopedic tests: provocative even before end range and more painful than muscle tests
Palpate: Palpation is pain over ligament if it is superficial; muscles may be in spasm
Contract: Isometric muscle tests are painless or least provocative

91
Q

Iliolumbar ligament syndrome referral pattern

A

PSIS
Greater trochanter
Inguinal crease
QL attachment

92
Q

Iliolumbar ligament syndrome diagnosis

A

L/S pain and some referrals
tenderness to deep palpation between L4 TP and crest (recreates chief pain)
Tender along medial iliac crest
Possible FABERs test

93
Q

What combination of three findings has a + LR 4.95 for cervical facet lesions?
_____, _____, _____

A

An extension rotation test that reproduces familiar pain >3/10
Pain with static palpation over the facet
Restriction to P-A glide

94
Q

What are pertinent negative findings for cervical facet lesions
_____, _____

A

No palpatory tenderness over facet

No palpatory restriction with P-A glide

95
Q

Degrees of sprain by %

A 
0-20% = first degree
20-75% = second degree
>75% = third degree
96
Q

Degrees of strain by %

A

< 10% = Grade 1
10-50% = Grade 2
>50% = Grade 3

97
Q

Findings from history of a patient with Joint Dysfunction Syndrome

A

Commonly complains of pain located in the midline to paraspinal region with or without pain referral to LE
Pain may refer to the knee but less likely to the foot

98
Q

Primary findings from PEx for Joint Dysfunction Syndrome

A

Palpatory segmental bony or soft tissue tenderness/dyesthesia [reliable]
Painful and/or altered segmental mobility testing (JP, SROM, EP)
Palpable alterations in paraspinal tissue texture or tone

99
Q

Secondary findings from PEx for Joint Dysfunction Syndrome

A 
Palpable malposition (mb normal for that person)
Repetitive loading in the direction of EP restriction ma improve symptoms
Alterations in sectional or global range of motion
Observational alteration in paraspinal tissue symmetry
100
Q

When diagnosing Joint Dysfunction Syndrome it is recommended that ____ or more of ___ and ___ are present

A

Two, primary, secondary

101
Q

Pertinent negatives for Joint Dysfunction Syndrome

A

There must be no signs of nerve root involvement.
If there is NR involvement there must be a search for other causes, especially if there is severe signs of compression (eg. muscle weakness)

102
Q

What are the two approaches for assessing severity of Musculoskeletal conditions?
_____, _____

A

Amount of tissue damage

Effect on patient

103
Q

Grade 1 strain

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A 
Pain with resistance
Little or no weakness
No defect
Minimal swelling and bruising
No pain with PROM except for when muscle is stretched
104
Q

Grade 2 strain

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A 
Pain with resistance 
Mild to moderate weakness
Possible small defect
Moderate swelling and bruising
Pain with passive stretching
105
Q

Grade 3 strain

_____, _____, _____, _____

A

Moderate to severe weakness
Larger defect
Rapid and extensive bruising and/or swelling
Muscle balls up, retracts, loses contour

106
Q

1st degree sprain

_____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____

A 
Pain on stress of tissue only at end range
No pain with isometric muscle testing
Local tenderness
Mild local swelling
No gross instability
Minimal pain with weight bearing
107
Q

2nd degree sprain

A

Pain on stress of tissue before end range
No pain with isometric muscle testing
Generalized and marked tenderness and swelling
Mild laxity - no gross instability
Localized bruising
Moderate to marked ROM loss
Moderate to severe pain with weight

108
Q

3rd degree sprain

A

Gross instability
Generalized swelling
Disruption of tissue
Pain ranges from minimal to severe
Possible hemarthrosis and extensive bruising
Marked ROM loss
Abnormal motion and/or pain with muscle contraction

109
Q

_____ and symptoms are considered extremely significant and require urgent referral

A

Cauda Equina signs

110
Q

Mild loss with radiculopathy

A

Sensory with or without loss of one motor grade

111
Q

Moderate loss with radiculopathy

A

Absence of deep tendon reflex with more than one grade of motor loss

112
Q

Severe loss with radiculopathy

A

Motor loss to a grade 3 or below

113
Q

Disability classification of myelopathy

A

G0: Root signs and symptoms; no cord involvement
G1: Signs of cord involvement; normal gait
G2: Mild gait involvement, able to work
G3: Gait abnormality; able to work
G4: Only able to move with help
G5: Chair or bed-ridden

114
Q

Whiplash (Quebec classification)

A

G0: No complaint of neck problems. No physical signs
G1: Complaint of neck pain, stiffness, or tenderness only. no physical signs
G2: Neck complaint and musculoskeletal signs
G3: Neck complaint and neurological signs
G4: Neck complaint and fracture or dislocation

115
Q

2 Situations of when to suspect Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

_____, _____

A

Any patient over 60 with dominant leg pain made worse by walking or standing and relieved by flexion or sitting

Also any patient > 50 with a radicular syndrome or CES

116
Q

_____ of _____ with pain and numbness in LE may have _____

A

47%, older adults (65+), lumbar spinal stenosis

117
Q

64% in patients with leg symptoms > ___

A

70 years old

118
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

Clinical syndrome of neurogenic claudication and/or radicular pain due to narrowing of the spinal canal and NR impingement

The loss of area impairs blood flow to venules and results in venule engorgement and compression of NR

119
Q

Three main contributing factors of LSS

_____, _____, _____

A

Bulging disc
Facet joint enlargement
Lig. flavum thickening

(degenerative spondylolisthesis and unstable spondylolisthesis are also possible)

120
Q

The two different neurological presentations of clinical stenosis
_____, _____

A

Neurogenic claudication (more common) - leg pain with walking, leg pain sensitive to spinal position. “lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication”

Radicular/sciatica - leg pain unrelated to activity or extension, unilateral or bilateral leg pain in > 1 dermatome, May occur alone or concurrent with neurogenic claudication. “lumbar spinal stenosis with sciatica”

121
Q

Basic signs and symptoms of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Mechanical: _____, _____, _____
Neurological: _____, _____, _____, _____

A

Mechanical clues: Leg symptoms made worse by walking, Extension increases leg symptoms, flexion often improves symptoms

Neurological clues: Balance and leg proprioception can be affected, CES (rare), Basic neurology: deficits present about 50% of cases; SLR is rarely possible

122
Q

Best clues for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

_____, _____, _____, _____

A

Wide gait
No pain when sitting
Burning sensation or intermittent priapism when walking
Urinary disturbance

123
Q

Ancillary studies for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis

A

Start with radiograph, confirm with MRI, electromyographic paraspinal mapping

124
Q

Final diagnosis of spinal stenosis requires 3 factors:

_____, _____, _____

A

Characteristic signs and symptoms
Radiographic (MRI or CT) evidence of lumbar spin al stenosis
Exclusion of other causes of back pain

125
Q

Ancillary studies for PAD

_____, _____, _____

A

Duplex/Doppler US
Ankle-brachial index
Magnetic resonance angiography

126
Q

Treadmill test as a DDX for PAD and Spinal Stenosis

A

Stenosis patient can walk farther uphill than flat

PAD patient will not improve with uphill

127
Q

PAD management

A

Walking near pain threshold at least 3x/week
Toe raises 3x/day. Do reps until there is pain and the 5 more
Lifestyle changes to support cardiovascular health

Clin Phase 1 (2 decks)

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