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Clinical Anatomy > Lecture+reading 1 > Flashcards

Lecture+reading 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Anatomy Categories (and fields)

A

Integumentary (dermatology) - protective

Skeletal (orthopedics, osteology) support for body and protects vital organs

Articular (arthology) - joints and ligaments

Muscular (myology) -

Nervous system (neurology)- motor and sensory systems of the CNS and PNS

Circulatory- (angiology) - cardiovascular and lymphatic systems distribute fluids

Cardiovascular (cardiology) heart and blood vessels

Lymphoid- network of lymphatic vessels

Digestive or alimentary (gastroenterology) -

Respiratory (pulmonology) - lungs and air passages

Urinary- (urology) - kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder

Reproductive (obgyn and andrology)

Endocrine system (endocrinology) ductless glands and hormones.

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2
Q

Which anatomical system is most interrelated with the body and can effect multiple systems?

A

Endocrine - helpful in ddx

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3
Q

Inferomedial

A

Closer to feet and median plane (anterior part of the ribs)

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4
Q

Superolateral

A

Nearer to head and farther from median plane .

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5
Q

Retrusion

A

Drawing the jaw bone dorsally back

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6
Q

Protrusion

A

Moving the jawbone ventrally forward

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7
Q

Epidermis attributes

A

Keratinized stratified layered epithelium made of keratin. (Sheds and renews 25-45 days) (avascular)

Supplied by Afferent nerve endings sensitive to touch, pain, and temp.

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8
Q

Dermis attributes

A

Tough and leathery. (Vascular) Formed by interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. Contains hair follicles with smooth muscle (arrector pili), and sebaceous glands.

(Arrector muscles contract and compress the sebaceous glands and secrete their oil onto the skin)

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9
Q

Subcutaneous Tissue - Hypodermis attributes

A

Made of loose connective tissue and fat. Located between dermis and underlying deep fascia.

Contains deepest parts of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves.

(Also fat storage).

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10
Q

Deep Fascia attributes

A

Dense organized connective tissue layer, has no fat and covers most deep to skin and subcutaneous.

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11
Q

Investing fascia attributes

A

Individual muscles and neurovascular bundles

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12
Q

Intermuscular septa

A

Divides muscles into groups or compartments

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13
Q

Subserous fascia

A

Lie between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining body cavities.

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14
Q

Retinacula

A

Deep fascia formed that hold tendons in place during joint movement.

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15
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid sacs that prevent friction in joints

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16
Q

Skin layer that Protects against:
Dehydration
Mechanical injury
Pathogens
Ultraviolet light

A

Epidermis

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17
Q

Layer of skin that protects against blood loss

A

Epidermis and dermis

18
Q

Layers of skin that synthesize pigments and VitD

A

Epidermis and Dermis

19
Q

Skin layers whose function is Temperature regulation via vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering

A

Dermis and Hypodermis

20
Q

Skin layer function of Absorption of some Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins (A, E, & K); certain steroid hormones, and some toxic substances

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis

21
Q

Skin layer function to eliminate wastes: salts, water, and urea

A

Epidermis and dermis

22
Q

Skin layer function in sensory reception for touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and stretch

A

Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis

23
Q

Epidermis attributes

A

Uppermost skin layer. Creates skin tone, prevents infection. Made up of keratinocytes layers for structural support.

Thick skin on soles and palms from when we were quadrapeds.

24
Q

Stratum Corneum function

A

Made up of corneocytes (horny cells). Provide structural support and allow for water absorption. Also serves as a chemical barrier.

25
Q

Stratum Lucidum function

A

Only present in thick skin of palms and soles. Reduces friction between corneum and granulosum.

26
Q

Stratum Granulosum function

A

Cells in granular layer don’t have nuclei which gives them a high proportion of keratin to form rigid layer. (Appears as flattened cells with dark clumps).

27
Q

Stratum Spinosum function

A

Layer of epidermis where keratin is made gives hair, skin and nails their hardness and water resistance.

28
Q

Stratum Basale function

A

Contains basal cells and melanocytes. Deepest layer that replaces more superficial cells and where our pigment comes from in melanin.

29
Q

Primary Integumentary Functions

A

Chemical Barrier - low pH I’m skin secretions slow bacterial growth

Biological Barrier - family of neutrofils and macrophages make up defensins and protect against invading microbes.

Physical Barrier- most substances can’t pass through skin.

Substances that can: lipid soluble- oxygen, carbon dioxide, some vitamins.
Organic solvents, heavy metal salts, penetration enhancers.

  • fentanyl is absorbed through skin.
30
Q

More integumentary functions

A

Thermoregulation

Sensation - cold, touch, pain

Vit D synthesis - (and calcium absorption as a result).

31
Q

Langerhans’ Cells Function

A

Part of the skins biological barrier. Act as macrophages protecting the epidermis from viruses and bacteria by ingesting antigens.

32
Q

3rd Degree burn mortality rate equation

A

% of 3rd degree burn + PT Age

33
Q

Skin characteristics

A
  1. Surface area up to 2.2 sq. meters
  2. 11 pounds
  3. 7% of total body weight

Waterproof, stretchable, washable and automatically repairs small cuts, rips, and burns.

34
Q

Substances that can penetrate the skin

A
  1. Lipid soluble substances
    O2, CO2, some vitamins
  2. Oleoresins (poison ivy)
  3. Organic solvents - dry-cleaning fluid, paint thinner.
  4. Heavy metal salts- lead, mercury, nickel
  5. Fentanyl
35
Q

What pressure sensation coordinates

A

Proprioception and falling.

36
Q

Where does EDS effect

A

Interoseous membranes (bet radius and ulna), weakness of intervertebral areas. Collagen dense areas.

37
Q

Four cell types of the epidermis

A
  1. Keratinocytes (90%)
    2.Melanocytes (8%)
  2. Dendritic or langerhans
  3. Tactile or merkel cells
38
Q

Papillary layer aspects

A
  1. Alveolar connective tissue
  2. Macrophages and mast cells
  3. Fibroblasts
  4. Dermal papillae that anchor epidermis to the dermis.
39
Q

Three pigments that bring skin color

A
  1. Melanin
  2. Carotene
  3. Hemoglobin
40
Q

Hair growth stages

A
  1. Anagen- growth phase
  2. Catagen
  3. Telogen
  4. Exogen - hair release

Clinical Anatomy (7 decks)

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