Lecture+reading 1 Flashcards
Systemic Anatomy Categories (and fields)
Integumentary (dermatology) - protective
Skeletal (orthopedics, osteology) support for body and protects vital organs
Articular (arthology) - joints and ligaments
Muscular (myology) -
Nervous system (neurology)- motor and sensory systems of the CNS and PNS
Circulatory- (angiology) - cardiovascular and lymphatic systems distribute fluids
Cardiovascular (cardiology) heart and blood vessels
Lymphoid- network of lymphatic vessels
Digestive or alimentary (gastroenterology) -
Respiratory (pulmonology) - lungs and air passages
Urinary- (urology) - kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder
Reproductive (obgyn and andrology)
Endocrine system (endocrinology) ductless glands and hormones.
Which anatomical system is most interrelated with the body and can effect multiple systems?
Endocrine - helpful in ddx
Inferomedial
Closer to feet and median plane (anterior part of the ribs)
Superolateral
Nearer to head and farther from median plane .
Retrusion
Drawing the jaw bone dorsally back
Protrusion
Moving the jawbone ventrally forward
Epidermis attributes
Keratinized stratified layered epithelium made of keratin. (Sheds and renews 25-45 days) (avascular)
Supplied by Afferent nerve endings sensitive to touch, pain, and temp.
Dermis attributes
Tough and leathery. (Vascular) Formed by interlacing collagen and elastic fibers. Contains hair follicles with smooth muscle (arrector pili), and sebaceous glands.
(Arrector muscles contract and compress the sebaceous glands and secrete their oil onto the skin)
Subcutaneous Tissue - Hypodermis attributes
Made of loose connective tissue and fat. Located between dermis and underlying deep fascia.
Contains deepest parts of sweat glands, blood and lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves.
(Also fat storage).
Deep Fascia attributes
Dense organized connective tissue layer, has no fat and covers most deep to skin and subcutaneous.
Investing fascia attributes
Individual muscles and neurovascular bundles
Intermuscular septa
Divides muscles into groups or compartments
Subserous fascia
Lie between musculoskeletal walls and serous membranes lining body cavities.
Retinacula
Deep fascia formed that hold tendons in place during joint movement.
Bursae
Fluid sacs that prevent friction in joints
Skin layer that Protects against:
Dehydration
Mechanical injury
Pathogens
Ultraviolet light
Epidermis
Layer of skin that protects against blood loss
Epidermis and dermis
Layers of skin that synthesize pigments and VitD
Epidermis and Dermis
Skin layers whose function is Temperature regulation via vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating and shivering
Dermis and Hypodermis
Skin layer function of Absorption of some Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble vitamins (A, E, & K); certain steroid hormones, and some toxic substances
Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
Skin layer function to eliminate wastes: salts, water, and urea
Epidermis and dermis
Skin layer function in sensory reception for touch, temperature, pain, pressure, and stretch
Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
Epidermis attributes
Uppermost skin layer. Creates skin tone, prevents infection. Made up of keratinocytes layers for structural support.
Thick skin on soles and palms from when we were quadrapeds.
Stratum Corneum function
Made up of corneocytes (horny cells). Provide structural support and allow for water absorption. Also serves as a chemical barrier.
Stratum Lucidum function
Only present in thick skin of palms and soles. Reduces friction between corneum and granulosum.
Stratum Granulosum function
Cells in granular layer don’t have nuclei which gives them a high proportion of keratin to form rigid layer. (Appears as flattened cells with dark clumps).
Stratum Spinosum function
Layer of epidermis where keratin is made gives hair, skin and nails their hardness and water resistance.
Stratum Basale function
Contains basal cells and melanocytes. Deepest layer that replaces more superficial cells and where our pigment comes from in melanin.
Primary Integumentary Functions
Chemical Barrier - low pH I’m skin secretions slow bacterial growth
Biological Barrier - family of neutrofils and macrophages make up defensins and protect against invading microbes.
Physical Barrier- most substances can’t pass through skin.
Substances that can: lipid soluble- oxygen, carbon dioxide, some vitamins.
Organic solvents, heavy metal salts, penetration enhancers.
- fentanyl is absorbed through skin.
More integumentary functions
Thermoregulation
Sensation - cold, touch, pain
Vit D synthesis - (and calcium absorption as a result).
Langerhans’ Cells Function
Part of the skins biological barrier. Act as macrophages protecting the epidermis from viruses and bacteria by ingesting antigens.
3rd Degree burn mortality rate equation
% of 3rd degree burn + PT Age
Skin characteristics
- Surface area up to 2.2 sq. meters
- 11 pounds
- 7% of total body weight
Waterproof, stretchable, washable and automatically repairs small cuts, rips, and burns.
Substances that can penetrate the skin
- Lipid soluble substances
O2, CO2, some vitamins - Oleoresins (poison ivy)
- Organic solvents - dry-cleaning fluid, paint thinner.
- Heavy metal salts- lead, mercury, nickel
- Fentanyl
What pressure sensation coordinates
Proprioception and falling.
Where does EDS effect
Interoseous membranes (bet radius and ulna), weakness of intervertebral areas. Collagen dense areas.
Four cell types of the epidermis
- Keratinocytes (90%)
2.Melanocytes (8%) - Dendritic or langerhans
- Tactile or merkel cells
Papillary layer aspects
- Alveolar connective tissue
- Macrophages and mast cells
- Fibroblasts
- Dermal papillae that anchor epidermis to the dermis.
Three pigments that bring skin color
- Melanin
- Carotene
- Hemoglobin
Hair growth stages
- Anagen- growth phase
- Catagen
- Telogen
- Exogen - hair release
