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Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major classes of herniation?

A

Supratentorial herniation

Infratentorial herniation

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2
Q

Supratentorial Herniation

A

Structure normally above the tentorial notch

  1. Uncal (transtentorial)
  2. Central
  3. Cingulate (subfalcine)
  4. Transcalvarial
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3
Q

Infratentorial herniation

A

Structure normally below the tentorial notch

  1. Upward cerebellar or transtentorial
  2. Tonsillar (downward cerebellar)
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4
Q

Glasgow Coma Scale

A

Test measures the motor response, verbal response, and eye opening responses

  • Assign number for each bucket
  • lower number=less function
  • high number=more function

Final score:

  • Mild=13-15
  • Moderate Disability- (9-12)
  • Severe Disability-(3-8)
  • Vegetative State= Less than 3
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5
Q

Coma

A

unconscious state

  • no meaningful response
  • no voluntary activités
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6
Q

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Deficiency:

  • where is the vitamin found?
  • Causes?
  • Symptoms?
  • Signs?
A

Vitamin is found in meats

Causes: Perniscious Anemia (major); strick vegetarian diet, inability to reabsorb vitamin, autoimmune diseases

Symptoms:
Lack of coordination, pain, numbness, tingling, sensory loss, weakness, loss of deep tendon reflexes, Myelin Damage, Paresthesia,

Signs: Lhemerrite’s Sign

  • AKA barber chair phenomenon
  • classic finding in MS
  • electrrical sensation that runs down the back and into the limbs
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7
Q

Vitamin B1 (Beriberi) Deficiency:

  • where is the vitamin found?
  • Causes?
  • Symptoms?
  • Signs?
A

Vitamin- breaksdown carbohydrates and decreases utilization of amino acids
-if defective, the body will utilize ketone bondies- Main=Beta-Hydroxybutrate, acetone (fruity breathe)

Symptoms:
-Numbness, Tingling/burning sensation in extremities, Leg weaknesss, pain, Myelin damage in PNS and DNS(polyneuritis)

Signs:

1) Karsakoff Syndrome
- Chronic/irreversible
- Short Term Memory Loss
- Alcoholic Dementia
- Comfabulation
2) Wernicke Encephalpathy
- Acute/reversible
- Ataxia
- Confusion
- motor/memory loss

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8
Q

Aging Brain

A

not as many dendritic spines and atrophy of dendritic processes

Slow down:

  • exercise brain with puzzles ect.
  • maintain proper optimum brain fxn
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9
Q

Brocas area

A

Involved in Speech

-44 and 45; lateralized on L side of brain

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10
Q

Wernickes area

A

Involved in comprehension of written in spoken language

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11
Q

Stroke Knocks out MCA

A

Middle Cerebral Artery causes sensory deficients in face and arm (Upper extremities)`

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12
Q

Broadmanns area

A

1,2,3a,3b
3a=propioception for muscle spindles-where your body parts are in space
2=Golgi Gendon Organs -sense of tension on tendon
-Joint Sensory=conscious proprioception
3b/1=Cutaneous-pain and temp on skin

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13
Q

Global Aphasia

A

Destroying a number of areas associated with language

-broacs,wernickes anything else

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14
Q

Aphasia

A

difficulty of language

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15
Q

Wernickes aphasia

A

won’t understand what another person is saying

  • also called receptive aphasia
  • lateralized on L side
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16
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

lesion on area 44 and 45

  • also called expressivity aphasia
  • struggle expressing themselves
  • writing effecting
  • lateralized to left side of brain
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17
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Sensory Function

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18
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A

Motor Function

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19
Q

Number of neurons for a 2 y.o vs a newborn

A

About the same

  • not growing more
  • more complextivity/branching which allows more synapsing to occur
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20
Q

Cisterns

A

Widened places in the subarachnoid space

  • Ambient cistern
  • Quadrageminal cistern
  • Interpenduncular cistern
  • Cisterna magna
  • Pontine AKA prepontine cistern
  • Cistern of the lamina terminals
  • Chiasmic cistern
  • lateral cerebellomedullary cistern
  • cerebellopontine cistern
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21
Q

Golgi stain

A

(silver strain)

-stains neurons, dendrites and axons

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22
Q

Nissl Stain

A

(stains the RER)

  • shows all the other types of the cells inside the cell bodies besides the neurons
  • stain catches all types of cells including neurons and non-neurons (glial cells)
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23
Q

Weigert Stain

A

(silver stain)

-stains myelinated axons

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24
Q

Supragranular layer

A

last to develop embryologically

Composed of:

1) Molecular layer-very few neurons, dominantly fibers talking to other neurons
2) External granular layer-small population of neurons
3) External Pyramidal layer- pyramidal neurons are located here
4) internal granular layer

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25
Q

Infragranular layer

A

mostly EFFERENT fibers

-most fibers are being sent away to someplace else

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26
Q

Thickness of cortex varies from region to region

A

Motor cortex=thickest
visual cortex=thinnest
-both motor and visual have 6 layers
-most cortices have 6 layers but some have 3 layers=hippocampal cortex

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27
Q

Different type of glial cells

A

astrocytes

  • oligodendrocytes
    10: 1 glial to neuron cells
28
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myelin producing in the axons in the CNS

-similar to Schwann cells in the PNS

29
Q

What is the most excitatory Neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

  • overabundance in the blood
  • bleed in the brain can pour excitatory NT in the brain which can over excite neurons to death.
30
Q

Astrocytes function in the Blood brain barrier

A

surround the endothelial cells, which act as a gate keep er and allow materials to enter/exit the CNS
-not considered to create the BBB

31
Q

The most common inhibitory NT for inhibitory neurons

32
Q

What happens when GABA is released

A

downstream neurons lower in activity

33
Q

Schizophrenia

A

may involve a malfunction in chandelier cells

  • in the prefrontal cortex, reduction of GABA release from the chandelier cells
  • decrease in the inhibitory activity causes an over activity of the excitatory activity
34
Q

Number of neurons in the cortex:

-male vs female

A

Female=19 billion neurons

male=23 billion neurons

35
Q

When are all basic parts off a brain present in fetus?

36
Q

Prenatal vs postnatal dendritic developement

A

Not the amount of neurons but the connectivity
The dendritic trees branch and connect=create networks
-increases number of synapses

37
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

neurosurgeon who lived in 20th century

-figured out the various brain functions

38
Q

Penfield Homunculus

A

Representation of the conscious body parts of the brain

-Disproportionate sizes=face and hands take up half of the region in the post central gyrus and precentral gyrus

39
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex (S1) of the brain

-what area of the brain

40
Q

Primary Motor cortex (M1) of the brain

41
Q

Posterior parietal cortex

A

5,7

  • 5 is involved in sensory associate
  • integrative area of the cortex=integrating sensory input
42
Q

Visual cortex of the brain

A

17, 18, 19

  • primary cortex=17
  • stimaltion of 17 will emit spots of light on the patient
  • areas 18/19 involved in visual memory
43
Q

Premotor cortex of the brain

A

6
-house the supplemental cortex (M2)
-where we store our learned motor movments
“remember how to make a motion=shoe tieing)

44
Q

Stroke that causes damage in the premotor cortex

A

cause people to forget how to perform simple daily activities
-such as tying shoes and buttoning shirts

45
Q

Frontal eye field of brain

A

8

-eye movement

46
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

9,10, 11, 12, 46, 47

-judgement, motivation, reasoning, personality, working memory

47
Q

working memory

A

temporary memory that are used for brief moments but are erased upon dissociation of task

48
Q

Wernicke’s area

A 
22, 39, 40
-LANGUAGE AREA
-lateralized in the left hemisphere of the brain
40=written and spoken language
39= comprehension of written language 
22=comprehension of spoken language
49
Q

Broca’s area

A

44,45

  • inferior frontal Grus of left hemisphere
  • involved in language
  • motor memory in how to speak
  • gramatical constructions and writing language
50
Q

Auditory cortex

A

41, 42

  • aka Heschl’s Gyrus
  • where hearing is first processed
51
Q

Area 52 of brain

A

involved in auditory process along with he auditory cortex (41,42)

52
Q

Primary Gustatory cortex of the brain

53
Q

Dysgeusia

A

Gustatory elusions

54
Q

Higher Auditory function of the brain

A

21

  • processing the meaning of something said
  • auditory memory, language, visual
55
Q

Acrhomatopsia

A

patient cannot see, think, imagine color

  • lose any memory of color
  • lesion has to be bilateral
56
Q

Akinotopsia

A

Loss of the ability to perceive motion

57
Q

Area 20 of brain

A

similar in function to area 21

-inovled in higher order visual processing and visual memory

58
Q

Emotional recognition of faces areas of brain

A

34,36

-patients who have lost this area cannot recognize the expression of facial features

59
Q

Where is MIII located?

A

in the cingulate culcus

60
Q

S2 of the brain

A

receives input from S1

  • projects into the amygdala and hippocampus
  • give you emotional valence with sensory inputs
  • ex: fear reaction of recognition of snake in a box
61
Q

Arcuate Fasiculus

A

connects Broac’s and Wernicke area

-area 39 and 44/45/22 (speech)

62
Q

Middle Frontal Gyrus

A

AKA dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)

-left PFC important for WORKING MEMORY

63
Q

Superior Front Gyrus

A

Involved in self awareness (mental zone lose track of time)

64
Q

Angular Gyrus

A

Behind the supra marginal gyrus

Involved in:

  • quantitative function-left hemisphere
  • Key area for cross-modal associations-integrating sensory and motors
  • integration point for hearing, touching, and vision
65
Q

Lesion at the angular gyrus causes:

A

loss of quantitative function

  • interpreting visual symbols
  • loss of interpretation of metaphor

AFFECTS phonetic base language but not ideogram language

66
Q

Dyslexia

A

may be a problem with angular gyrus

  • patients can read ideogram based language much better than phonetic based language
  • intelligence is not altered
67
Q

Synaesthesia

A

where the person will have one sensory expierence/input and experience it dually with another

  • ex: see colors when they see numbers
  • cross modal talk
  • lesion at angular gyrus

Neuroatamoy (7 decks)

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