Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards
______ is the detection of stimuli and ____ is the awareness of that detection.
A) Perception; sensation
B) Sensation; perception
C) Transduction; cognition
D) Transduction; sensation
Sensation; Perception.
The flow of information in the functional pathway for a sensory system follows this general pattern:
A) Sensory receptor cells –> thalamus –> primary sensory cortex.
B) Sensory receptor cells –> primary sensory cortex –> thalamus.
C) Primary sensory cortex –> association cortex –> sensory receptor cells.
D) None of the above.
Sensory receptor cells –> thalamus –> primary sensory cortex.
The thalamus is involved in attention processes.
A) True
B) False
True.
Humans can detect a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
A) True
B) False
False.
The sensory receptor cells of the visual system are called mechanoreceptors.
A) True
B) False
False.
Some neurons in the visual system respond to complex stimuli, like faces.
A) True
B) False
True.
The sensory receptor cells of the somatosensory system include…
A) Taste cells, olfactory receptor neurons, and mechanoreceptors.
B) Rods, cones, and nociceptors.
C) Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors.
D) All of the above.
Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and nociceptors.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and other over the counter pain relievers stop the production of ______ by blocking ______. Therefore, nociceptors never detect the inflammatory pain signaled by ______.
A) Cyclooxygenase (COX); prostaglandin; cyclooxygenase (COX).
B) Glutamate; sodium; sodium.
C) Sodium; glutamate; glutamate.
D) Prostaglandin; cyclooxygenase (COX); prostaglandin.
Prostaglandin; cyclooxygenase (COX); prostaglandin.
High frequency sounds are perceived as ______ and low frequency sounds are perceived as ______.
A) Quiet; loud.
B) Loud; quiet.
C) Bass; treble.
D) Treble; bass.
Treble; bass.
The bones of the middle ear are collectively called the ______.
A) Tympanic membranes.
B) Cochlea.
C) Ossicles.
D) None of the above.
Ossicles.
The sensory receptor cells of the auditory system are called hair cells.
A) True
B) False
True.
Primary auditory cortex is in the ______ of the cerebrum.
A) Temporal Lobe.
B) Parietal Lobe.
C) Occipital Lobe.
D) Frontal Lobe.
Temporal Lobe.
The five tastes are sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and spicy.
A) True
B) False
False.
The bumps on your tongue are called…
A) Papillae.
B) Hair cells.
C) Taste buds.
D) Taste cells.
Papillae.
Each olfactory receptor neuron can only detect one odor.
A) True
B) False
False.
Pinna
The visible part of the ear that resides outside of the head.
Auditory Canal
A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.
Outer Ear
The outer ear consists of the pinna, and the ear canal.
Tympanic Membrane
Or “the eardrum” is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear.
The inner ear is composed of what?
The cochlea, auditory-vestibular nerve, and the oval window.
Cochlea
A snail-shell like structure divided into three fluid-filled parts.
Auditory-Vestibular Nerve
A sensory nerve that conducts two special senses: hearing (audition) and balance (vestibular).
Oval Window
Separates the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear.
The word “taste” may be better described as what?
“Flavor.”
Define “flavor.”
A combination of gustation, olfaction, somatosensation.
Prepyriform Cortex (Primary Olfactory Cortex)
The primary olfactory cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex involved in olfaction.
Turbinates
The turbinates have three main functions. They warm the air we breathe, humidify this air as it passes through the nose, and the mucous layer of the turbinates assist in filtering particles such as dust and pollen. The turbinates, particularly the inferior, can block breathing when they are enlarged.
Olfactory Bulb
- A round, knoblike structure of the brain responsible for processing the sense of smell.
- Specialized olfactory receptor cells are located in a small patch of mucous membrane lining the roof of the nose.
- Axons of these sensory cells pass through perforations in the overlying bone and enter two elongated olfactory bulbs lying on top of the bone.
Cribriform Bone
?
Olfactory Epithelium
- The olfactory epithelium is a specialized thin tissue inside the nasal cavity that is involved in smell.
- The olfactory epithelium is the part of the olfactory system directly responsible for detecting odors.
Olfactory Mucosa
- Is found in the nasal mucosa - in a small region of the roof of the nasal cavities.
- It is here where there are receptors for sense of smell.
Mitral Cell
The principal neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive and process information obtained from other cells carrying olfactory receptors.
Olfactory Cilia
Microscopic nose hairs that trap smells and communicate them to the brain.
Foliate Papillae
- The most sensitive of all the above papillae.
- Located on the sides of the tongue near the back, these papillae and their taste receptors provide the most intense sensations of all.
Vallate Papillae
- Are much less prevalent on the tongue than any other type.
- These are found on the very back of the tongue in a ‘V’ shaped pattern.
Though these papillae do in fact house taste receptors, they are not as sensitive as the fungiform papillae or the foliate papillae.
- It is believed that the purpose they serve is to provide a final “safeguard” against swallowing something that could be harmful or unhealthy for the body.
- These also factor into the gag reflex, however slightly.
Fungiform Papillae
- The small red dots that most people think of when thinking of taste buds.
- Scattered around the tongue, but mostly concentrated in the center, these papillae house many taste receptors that allow us to perceive taste.
What is light?
- Light is both a particle and a wave length.
- The shorter the wavelength the higher the energy is.
Regarding light, a particle can be referred to as what?
Photon.
What do we refer to light as?
An electrodynamic energy.
The visual system allows us to detect photons of particular energies in our environment, so they’re transduced by a sensory reflector cell called ________?
Photoreceptors.
Photoreceptors come in what two general forms?
Rods and cones.
In regard to light, what is transduction?
When photoreceptors take light and change that into a neural signal.
The electromagnetic spectrum describes what?
Different kinds of energy that exists in the universe in respect to photons.
If we describe the electromagnetic spectrum in terms of wave length, on the left is….
….the highest frequency light, which is called gamma rays.
Gamma Rays
-Gamma rays are very damaging.
-We would call this ionizing radiation, because it will hit your DNA, damage it, and cause it to become charged.
If you damage your DNA, the code for all your genes become messed up, and that can result in cancer.
Radiation means what?
The bad type is
X-Rays can also be damaging to people.
Electromagnetic energy.
What is the bad type of radiation called?
Ionizing radiation.
If we decrease the amount of energy in gamma rays photons, or lower the wavelength, we go into…
…x-rays.
What type of radiation is ultraviolet radiation?
Ionizing radiation.
Then there is a little strip called the ____________ that is the light that we are able to see.
Visual Spectrum.
As energy starts getting lower and lower, what comes next on the radiation scale?
- We have the infrared rays of the electromagnetic energy, the radar range; the type of radiation used for radars to detect things in the environment, broadcast band; the kind of radiation used to transmit TV signals into the air, telephone signals, satellite signals, and radio signals, and then lastly, AC circuits; a computer monitor is generating, by the movement of electricity through its wires, it’s generating some electromagnetic energy that starts shooting out, and it’s very low wavelength, and it wouldn’t be considered very dangerous.
- Listed above are the non-ionizing radiation.
Rods
- The rods a very sensitive.
- The disks inside hold a bunch of proteins that, when light hits them, they change shape.
- When the disk changes shape, it causes a signal inside of the cell to open some ion channels, and it changes the membrane potential of the cell.
- So, it takes the light and changes that into an electrical signal.
- The proteins are sensitive to light.
- So light hits them, they change shape, and that opens ion channels, and it changes the membrane potential of the cell; it makes it able to generate action potentials.
- Therefore, it releases neurotransmitters.
Cones
- We would have very poor vision if we used rods for bright light.
- We don’t use rods for bright light, we use them for dim light.
- They are able to transduce a wavelength of energy somewhere in the bluest realm of the visible light spectrum.
- So, only photons of that energy level can affect rods, and the proteins that do that do not need “many hits” to get them going. Thus, they are very sensitive.
- On the other hand, cones are not as sensitive due to the fact there are not as many disks, and it requires more energy to “get them going.”
- So, they need to be hit by more than one photon to get them going, which makes them best for bright light.
Cones come in what three different colors?
-Red.
-Blue.
Green.
-Each cone sees one color, but when they are combined, (which the brain does), that is how we see the other colors. (e.g. if you take the red and the green cones, you get yellow; if you combined the blue and the yells, you get a teal-ish color).
Cornea
- Transparent membrane around the eye that allows light to pass through relatively unimpeded.
- But because the cornea is curved, it will bend the light slightly, and what that does is help focus the light towards the lens.
Between the cornea and the lens there is some fluid, and then there is an opening in our eye called…?
…the pupil.
Surrounding the pupil is the _____ , and that’s the color part of our eye.
Iris.
Iris
- The iris is muscular, and so it can change shape.
- It can make your pupil small (constricted), or it can very big (dilated).
- When a pupil is dilated, more light will come into the eye.
The _______ is right behind the iris.
Lens.
Lens
- The lens is a relatively clear membrane that has the ability to bend the light even further, based on the way that it’s curved.
- The goal is to focus that light on the back of the eye, which is called the retina. And, specifically towards a precise spot on the retina called the fovea.
- The lens also has muscles attached to it called ciliary muscles, and they will squish and stretch the lens, which allows light to be refocused in the fovea.
- So, as something is far or near to you, you need to bend the light differently in order to see the image.
Fovea
- The density of photoreceptors is highest at the fovea, and starts to decrease as you move away from that in the retina.
- If you have a lot of photoreceptors in the same place, it allows for more accurate vision.
The inside of the eye is filled with…?
…fluid.
The back of what has many blood vessels to supply blood for the eye?
Retina.
Optic Chiasm
The part of the brain where the optic nerves partially cross.
Visual Field
Refers to the total area in which objects can be seen in the side (peripheral) vision while you focus your eyes on a central point.
