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Genetics > Lecture questions Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture questions Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main branches of genetics?

A

TMP: Transmission, Molecular and Population genetics.

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2
Q

Name the structure that is made of chromatin that carries and transmits many genes.

A

Chromosome

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3
Q

What is the name for an inherited structure that is made of DNA and codes for a trait/phenotype.

A

Gene.

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

complete set of gene instructions. codes for all genes known for an organism.

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5
Q

Name for a variant form of a gene.

A

allele.

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6
Q

Term for a set of genes with no differing alleles.

A

monomorphic.

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7
Q

Term for a set of genes with differing alleles.

A

Polymorphic.

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8
Q

What makes up genetic material? (SERV)

A
  1. Store large amounts of info
  2. Encode the phenotype
  3. Replicate itself faithfully (mostly)
  4. Vary; be able to vary/mutate
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9
Q

What are the three components of the primary structure of DNA?

A
  1. phosphate
  2. sugar
  3. nitrogenous base
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10
Q

What charge does the phosphate component have?

A

negative.

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11
Q

Name the type of covalent bond phosphate forms with sugar in DNA structure.

A

phosphodiester bond.

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12
Q

What type of sugar composes DNA?

A

ribose.

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13
Q

Ribose forms phosphodiester bonds with which carbons?

A

3’ and 5’.

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14
Q

The nitrogenous base connects to the deoxyribose at which carbon and using what type of bond?

A

1’ carbon; covalent bond.

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15
Q

Why is the ribose sugar considered “deoxy?”

A

because it lacks an oxygen molecule at the 2’ carbon.

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16
Q

What are the two groups of bases?

A

Purine and Pyrimidine

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17
Q

What are the two purine bases?

A

Adenine and Guanine.

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18
Q

What are the two pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine.

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19
Q

What type of bonds do bases form with each other?

A

hydrogen bonds.

20
Q

Adenine and Thymine form how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2.

21
Q

Cytosine and Guanine form how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3.

22
Q

Explain Chargaff’s rules.

A

DNA for A &T plus DNA for C &G should equal 100%.

DNA for A equals DNA for T, DNA for C equals DNA for G.

23
Q

The secondary structure of DNA forms…

A

2 antiparallel and complimentary DNA polynucleotide strands. They can denature and pull apart. They run in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

24
Q

What type of bond is formed between adjoining nucleotides?

A

a phosphodiester bond is formed between the 5’ phosphate group and the 3’OH group of adjoining nucleotides.

25
Q

What holds the secondary structure together?

A

the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.

26
Q

IS the double helix right or left handed in curve?

A

right-handed.

27
Q

Who, in 1833, described the nucleus of the cell?

A

Brown

28
Q

What two scientists, in 1839, proposed cell theory?

A

Schleiden and Schwann.

29
Q

Mendel’s work was first published in what year?

A

1866.

30
Q
A
31
Q

Who, in 1869, discovered nuclein in the nucleus of white blood cells?

A

Miescher

32
Q

In what year were histones isolated from the nucleus?

A

1884.

33
Q

In what year was the nucleus identified as the basis of physical heredity?

A

1887.

34
Q

Mendel’s work was “rediscovered” in what year?

A

1900.

35
Q

Who, in the late 1880’s, determined that DNA was made of nitrogenous bases?

A

Kossel.

36
Q

Who in 1910, proposed tetranucleotide theory?

A

Levene.

37
Q

Who in 1928 demonstrated the transforming principle?

A

Griffith.

38
Q

In 1944, what trio demonstrated that the transforming principle was DNA?

A

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty.

39
Q

Who, in 1947, began X-ray diffraction studies of DNA?

A

Ashbury

40
Q

Who, in 1948, discovered regularity in base ratios of DNA?

A

Chargaff and colleagues.

41
Q

In 1952, who discovered that DNA was the genetic material found in bacteriophage?

A

Hershey and Chase

42
Q

Who, in 1953, devised the secondary structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick.

43
Q

What duo, in 1956, discovered that some viruses use RNA as genetic material?

A

Fraenkel-Conrat and Singer.

44
Q

Who, in 1951, besides Ashbury, began to study X-ray differential imaging of helical, antiparallel DNA strands?

A

Franklin-Wilkins

45
Q
A

Genetics (6 decks)

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