Lecture Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 risk factors of calcium deficiency?
A
High phosphorus levels
Pregnancy
Advanced age
Diuretics
2
Q
signs and symptoms of calcium deficiency?
A
High blood pressure Cardiac arrhythmia Weakness Insomnia Impaired concentration Paresthesia Excessive sweating Bone pain Muscles cramps or numbness Convulsions Poor appetite
3
Q
signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
A
Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Loss of appetite Dry mouth Polyuria Constipation Hypotension Fatigue Confusion Coma
4
Q
What is the daily amount of calcium?
A
1-1.2mg/day
5
Q
signs and symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?
A
Loss of appetite Fatigue Muscle weakness Bone pain Irritability Tingling Numbness Irregular breathing Anaemia
6
Q
What is the daily recommended amount for phosphorus?
A
700mg/day
7
Q
signs and symptoms of phosphorus toxicity?
A
Diarrhoea
Calcification of soft tissues
Disturb activity of Mg, Fe, Z
8
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of severe Mg deficiency?
A
Severe deficiency = osteoporosis, depression, type 2 diabetes, asthma, hypertension, CAD
9
Q
Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
A
Hyporeflexia Depo tendon reflex attenuation Facial parasthesia Lethargy Muscular weakness Hypotension Bradycardia Shortness of breath Nausea Vomiting
10
Q
What is the daily intake for Potassium?
A
4700mg/day
11
Q
signs and symptoms of sodium deficiency?
A
Nausea Headaches Dizziness Muscle cramps Lethargy Confusion Cerebral oedema Coma
12
Q
Symptoms and signs of hypernatremia?
A
High blood pressure Oedema MI Stroke Heart failure Kidney failure GERD Ulcers Stomach cancer Kidney stones
13
Q
Daily recommended amount for Sodium?
A
1.5g/day
14
Q
Symptoms and signs of chloride deficiency?
A
Loss of appetite Irritability Muscle weakness Dehydration Lethargy CVS problems Reduced physical and intellectual efficiency
15
Q
Recommended daily amount for Chloride
A
2.3g/day
16
Q
Chloride toxicity symptoms and signs
A
Hypertension
Congestive heart failure
Kidney disease
Cirrhosis
17
Q
Signs and symptoms of chromium deficiency?
A
Fatigue Anxiety Impaired glucose tolerance Increased insulin requirement Changes in bone mineralisation Slowing of growth and development Disturbed lipid metabolism and increased risk of atherosclerosis
18
Q
Daily recommended amount of Chromium?
A
Adult males - 35 micrograms/day
Adult females - 25 micrograms/day
19
Q
Causes of copper deficiency?
A
Zinc supplements
Restricted diet
Genetic disorders
20
Q
Signs and symptoms of copper deficiency?
A
Microcytic and hypochromic anemia Weakened immunity Bone development disorders Nerve problems Increased risk of osteoporosis Pigmentation disorders Menkes disease
21
Q
Daily recommended amount of copper
A
900 micrograms/day
22
Q
Signs and symptoms of manganese deficiency?
A
Weight loss Dizziness Weakness Irregular heartbeat Hearing problems Ataxia Impaired glucose tolerance Bone demineralisation Increased risk of cancer
23
Q
Daily recommended amount for manganese?
A
- 3 Mg/day for men
1. 8 Mg/day for wonen
24
Q
What are the 3 levels of iron deficiency?
A
Iron depletion
Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anaemia
25
Daily recommended amount for iron
Men - 8mg/day
| Women 18mg/day
26
Which diseases does iron toxicity occur in?
Hemochromatosis
27
What are some goitrogenic factors?
```
Cruciferous vegetables
Selenium deficiency
Iodine deficiency
Iron deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
```
28
What are the signs and symptoms of iodine deficiency?
Women - miscarriages and still birth
Infants - mental retardation
Children - mental retardation and hypothyroidism
Adults - goitre, hypothyroidism, impaired mental function
29
Daily recommended amount for iodine?
150 micrograms/day
30
Signs and symptoms of selenium deficiency?
Big bone disease
Keshan disease
Kashin-Beck disease
31
Daily intake of selenium?
55 micrograms/day
32
What happens if you have selenium toxicity?
Carcinogenic effect and selinosis
33
Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency?
```
Immune suppression
Impaired wound healing
Loss of appetite
Loss of taste and smell
Diarrhoea
Growth disorders
Paronychia
Alzheimer’s
Post natal depression
Acrodermatitis
```
34
Major diseases linked with zinc deficiency?
Alzheimer’s
Postnatal depression
Acrodermatitis
35
Daily recommended amount for zinc?
Men - 11mg/day
| Women - 8mg/day
36
What is the water requirement of adults
35ml/kg
37
Which contaminants can get into tap water?
Lead
Nitrates
Cryptosporidium
38
What are the effects on the body of Lead from tap water?
Physical and mental developmental problems in children
High blood pressure
Kidney problems
39
What are the effects on the body of Nitrates from tap water?
Converted to nitrites and prevent blood from transporting oxygen
40
What are the effects on the body of Cryptosporidium from tap water?
GI disease
41
How do you remove the contaminants from the water?
Activated carbon filters
Ion exchange units
Carbon absorption
Reverse osmosis
42
When does the body need more water?
Warm weather
Physical exercise
Diet rich in animal protein
During illness
43
Which ways does the body lose water?
Urination
Sweating
Exhaling
Stool
44
What are the effects of lack of water?
```
Muscle weakness
Cramping
Headache
Lack of coordination
Increased risk of heat exhaustion
Increased risk of stroke
```
45
What are the 6 physical ways to disinfect water?
```
UV
Ultrasound
Ultrafiltration
Boiling
Freezing
Ionising radiation
```
46
Which 6 chemicals can disinfect water?
```
Chlorine
Hypochlorite
Ozone
Halogens (bromine, iodine)
Metals (silver)
Kalium Permanganate
```
47
What can excessive amounts of nitrates from water lead to?
Methemoglobinemia
48
What is another name for Methemoglobinemia? And what causes it
Blue baby syndrome
| Nitrates in drinking water
49
What is a potential risk of nitrates in large quantities in water?
Cancer risk
| Methemoglobinemia
50
How do you remove nitrates from the water supply?
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Ion exchange
51
What are the 3 physical intrinsic factors of air?
Temperature
Humidity
Airflow
52
What are the 2 physical extrinsic factors of air?
Solar radiation
| Variations in the magnetic field
53
What can affect the level of pollution in the day?
Air
54
What 3 effects does humidity of the air have?
Body thermoregulation
Air pollution
Meteo-climatic phenomena
55
Which 2 ways can humidity be expressed?
Absolute humidity
| Relative humidity
56
What is the definition of absolute humidity?
Actual amount of water vapour in the air
| Does not fluctuate with temperature of the air
57
What is the definition of relative humidity?
Amount of water vapour in the air at any given point for the specific temperature
58
What are the properties of negative air ions?
```
Stimulate metabolism of water soluble vitamins
Reduce blood levels of Seratonin
Stimulate secretion of glucocorticoid hormones
Activate the thyroid, ovary and testis
Increase milk secretion
Having relaxing effect
Reduce irritability
Stimulate attention and memory
Increase pain sensitivity
Normalise blood prsssure
```
59
What are the properties of positive air ions?
```
Increase serotonin
Stimulate secretion of mineralocorticoid hormone
Inhibit activity of thyroid and ovary
Irritability
Decrease memory and pain sensitivity
Increase blood pressure in hypertensives
```
60
What are the short term effects of radiation exposure and contamination?
Acute radiation syndrome
| Injury to skin
61
What are the long term effects of radiation exposure and contamination?
Risk of developing cancer
Genetic changes
Emotional and psychological distress
62
What is the air composition?
Nitrogen - 78.09%
Oxygen - 20.95%
Argon - 0.92%
CO2 - 0.03%
63
What are the things the body does to compensate for lower oxygen levels in the atmosphere?
Increase respiratory rate
Increase amplitude of breathing
Increase cardiac output
Increase number of red blood cells in peripheral blood
64
What is the normal breathing rate?
14-18 breaths per minute
65
Which layer of ozone protects against UV
Stratospheric ozone
66
At which concentration of CO2 does dyspneoa and hyperventilation occur?
3%
67
At which concentration of CO2 does chest tightness and restlessness occur?
4%
68
At which concentration of CO2 does loss of consciousness and death occur?
8%
69
At which concentration of CO2 does sudden death by paralysis occur?
20%
70
What are the general measures to clean the air?
Ventilation
Cleaning
Air disinfection
71
Which mineral can cause Menkes disease?
Copper deficiency
72
Which mineral leads to a loss of taste and smell?
Zinc deficiency
73
Signs and symptoms of molybdenum deficiency
Increased risk of cancer
Sensitivity to sulfites
Patients with chrons disease leads to headaches, visual problems, rapid heart rate, respiratory problems, coma
74
Daily recommended amount for molybdenum?
45 micrograms/day
75
Symptoms and signs of molybdenum toxicity?
Gout like symptoms
76
Symptoms and signs of iron toxicity?
```
Nausea
Vomiting
Dizziness
Headaches
Fatigue
Anorexia
Weight loss
Breathing problems
Greyish hue to skin
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease
Cancer
```
77
Signs and symptoms of manganese toxicity?
```
Anorexia
Weakness
Inappropriate laughter
Increased sexuality
Insomnia
Depression
Apathy
Aggressiveness
Parkinson’s like symptoms
```
78
What is the percentage of water that makes up the body?
80%
79
How much of the brain is made of water?
75%
80
What is the biggest problem of water from pipes?
Lead leaking into the water
81
What can phthalate exposure from bottled water lead to?
Male reproductive disorders
Obesity
Insulin resistance
82
How long can someone live without water intake?
3-5 days
83
How much of the water on earth is salty vs fresh?
97% salty
| 2.5% fresh
84
What may cause water to taste and smell funny?
Organic substances
| Industrial pollution
85
What is the turbidity of water?
Cleanliness of the water
86
What can coliform bacteria in water cause?
```
Intestinal infections
Hepatitis
Dysentery
Cholera
Typhoid fever
```
87
What is the flow rate of air per minute?
8-9 litres per minute
| 80-100 litres at effort
88
How is the amount of UVB increased?
Depletion of Ozone
89
Which mineral leads to Parkinson’s like symptoms?
Manganese toxicity
90
Which mineral leads to loss of taste and smell?
Zinc deficiency
91
Which mineral leads to paronychia?
Zinc deficiency
92
Which deficiency leads to menkes disease?
Copper deficiency
93
Which mineral can cause gout like symptoms?
Molybdenum toxicity
94
Which mineral increases the risk of atherosclerosis?
Chromium deficiency
95
Which mineral leads to calcification of soft tissue?
Phosphorus toxicity
96
Which mineral leads to disturbed activity of Magnesium, Iron and Zinc
Phosphorus toxicity
97
Which mineral is a risk factor for chrons disease?
Molybdenum deficiency
98
Signs and symptoms of zinc toxicity?
Anemia
Reduced immune function
Increased risk of genitourinary disease
99
What can copper toxicity lead to?
High homocysteine levels
| Discolouration of hair and skin
100
Symptoms and signs of iodine toxicity
```
Heart rhythm disorders
Coma
Fever
Burning of throat and stomach
Cancer
```
