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Hygien > Lecture Questions > Flashcards

Lecture Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 risk factors of calcium deficiency?

A

High phosphorus levels
Pregnancy
Advanced age
Diuretics

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2
Q

signs and symptoms of calcium deficiency?

A 
High blood pressure
Cardiac arrhythmia
Weakness
Insomnia
Impaired concentration 
Paresthesia
Excessive sweating 
Bone pain
Muscles cramps or numbness 
Convulsions
Poor appetite
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3
Q

signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Dry mouth
Polyuria
Constipation
Hypotension
Fatigue
Confusion
Coma
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4
Q

What is the daily amount of calcium?

A

1-1.2mg/day

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5
Q

signs and symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?

A 
Loss of appetite
Fatigue
Muscle weakness
Bone pain
Irritability
Tingling
Numbness
Irregular breathing
Anaemia
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6
Q

What is the daily recommended amount for phosphorus?

A

700mg/day

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7
Q

signs and symptoms of phosphorus toxicity?

A

Diarrhoea
Calcification of soft tissues
Disturb activity of Mg, Fe, Z

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8
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of severe Mg deficiency?

A

Severe deficiency = osteoporosis, depression, type 2 diabetes, asthma, hypertension, CAD

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

A 
Hyporeflexia 
Depo tendon reflex attenuation
Facial parasthesia 
Lethargy
Muscular weakness
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Shortness of breath
Nausea
Vomiting
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10
Q

What is the daily intake for Potassium?

A

4700mg/day

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11
Q

signs and symptoms of sodium deficiency?

A 
Nausea
Headaches
Dizziness
Muscle cramps
Lethargy 
Confusion
Cerebral oedema
Coma
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12
Q

Symptoms and signs of hypernatremia?

A 
High blood pressure
Oedema
MI
Stroke
Heart failure
Kidney failure
GERD
Ulcers
Stomach cancer
Kidney stones
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13
Q

Daily recommended amount for Sodium?

A

1.5g/day

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14
Q

Symptoms and signs of chloride deficiency?

A 
Loss of appetite
Irritability
Muscle weakness
Dehydration
Lethargy
CVS problems
Reduced physical and intellectual efficiency
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15
Q

Recommended daily amount for Chloride

A

2.3g/day

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16
Q

Chloride toxicity symptoms and signs

A

Hypertension
Congestive heart failure
Kidney disease
Cirrhosis

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17
Q

Signs and symptoms of chromium deficiency?

A 
Fatigue
Anxiety
Impaired glucose tolerance
Increased insulin requirement
Changes in bone mineralisation 
Slowing of growth and development
Disturbed lipid metabolism and increased risk of atherosclerosis
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18
Q

Daily recommended amount of Chromium?

A

Adult males - 35 micrograms/day

Adult females - 25 micrograms/day

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19
Q

Causes of copper deficiency?

A

Zinc supplements
Restricted diet
Genetic disorders

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20
Q

Signs and symptoms of copper deficiency?

A 
Microcytic and hypochromic anemia
Weakened immunity
Bone development disorders
Nerve problems
Increased risk of osteoporosis 
Pigmentation disorders
Menkes disease
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21
Q

Daily recommended amount of copper

A

900 micrograms/day

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22
Q

Signs and symptoms of manganese deficiency?

A 
Weight loss
Dizziness
Weakness
Irregular heartbeat 
Hearing problems
Ataxia
Impaired glucose tolerance 
Bone demineralisation 
Increased risk of cancer
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23
Q

Daily recommended amount for manganese?

A
  1. 3 Mg/day for men

1. 8 Mg/day for wonen

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24
Q

What are the 3 levels of iron deficiency?

A

Iron depletion

Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anaemia

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25
Q

Daily recommended amount for iron

A

Men - 8mg/day

Women 18mg/day

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26
Q

Which diseases does iron toxicity occur in?

A

Hemochromatosis

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27
Q

What are some goitrogenic factors?

A 
Cruciferous vegetables
Selenium deficiency
Iodine deficiency
Iron deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
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28
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of iodine deficiency?

A

Women - miscarriages and still birth
Infants - mental retardation
Children - mental retardation and hypothyroidism
Adults - goitre, hypothyroidism, impaired mental function

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29
Q

Daily recommended amount for iodine?

A

150 micrograms/day

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30
Q

Signs and symptoms of selenium deficiency?

A

Big bone disease
Keshan disease
Kashin-Beck disease

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31
Q

Daily intake of selenium?

A

55 micrograms/day

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32
Q

What happens if you have selenium toxicity?

A

Carcinogenic effect and selinosis

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33
Q

Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A 
Immune suppression
Impaired wound healing
Loss of appetite
Loss of taste and smell
Diarrhoea
Growth disorders
Paronychia
Alzheimer’s
Post natal depression
Acrodermatitis
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34
Q

Major diseases linked with zinc deficiency?

A

Alzheimer’s
Postnatal depression
Acrodermatitis

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35
Q

Daily recommended amount for zinc?

A

Men - 11mg/day

Women - 8mg/day

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36
Q

What is the water requirement of adults

A

35ml/kg

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37
Q

Which contaminants can get into tap water?

A

Lead
Nitrates
Cryptosporidium

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38
Q

What are the effects on the body of Lead from tap water?

A

Physical and mental developmental problems in children
High blood pressure
Kidney problems

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39
Q

What are the effects on the body of Nitrates from tap water?

A

Converted to nitrites and prevent blood from transporting oxygen

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40
Q

What are the effects on the body of Cryptosporidium from tap water?

A

GI disease

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41
Q

How do you remove the contaminants from the water?

A

Activated carbon filters
Ion exchange units
Carbon absorption
Reverse osmosis

42
Q

When does the body need more water?

A

Warm weather
Physical exercise
Diet rich in animal protein
During illness

43
Q

Which ways does the body lose water?

A

Urination
Sweating
Exhaling
Stool

44
Q

What are the effects of lack of water?

A 
Muscle weakness
Cramping
Headache
Lack of coordination
Increased risk of heat exhaustion
Increased risk of stroke
45
Q

What are the 6 physical ways to disinfect water?

A 
UV
Ultrasound
Ultrafiltration 
Boiling
Freezing
Ionising radiation
46
Q

Which 6 chemicals can disinfect water?

A 
Chlorine
Hypochlorite
Ozone
Halogens (bromine, iodine)
Metals (silver)
Kalium Permanganate
47
Q

What can excessive amounts of nitrates from water lead to?

A

Methemoglobinemia

48
Q

What is another name for Methemoglobinemia? And what causes it

A

Blue baby syndrome

Nitrates in drinking water

49
Q

What is a potential risk of nitrates in large quantities in water?

A

Cancer risk

Methemoglobinemia

50
Q

How do you remove nitrates from the water supply?

A

Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Ion exchange

51
Q

What are the 3 physical intrinsic factors of air?

A

Temperature
Humidity
Airflow

52
Q

What are the 2 physical extrinsic factors of air?

A

Solar radiation

Variations in the magnetic field

53
Q

What can affect the level of pollution in the day?

A

Air

54
Q

What 3 effects does humidity of the air have?

A

Body thermoregulation
Air pollution
Meteo-climatic phenomena

55
Q

Which 2 ways can humidity be expressed?

A

Absolute humidity

Relative humidity

56
Q

What is the definition of absolute humidity?

A

Actual amount of water vapour in the air

Does not fluctuate with temperature of the air

57
Q

What is the definition of relative humidity?

A

Amount of water vapour in the air at any given point for the specific temperature

58
Q

What are the properties of negative air ions?

A 
Stimulate metabolism of water soluble vitamins
Reduce blood levels of Seratonin 
Stimulate secretion of glucocorticoid hormones
Activate the thyroid, ovary and testis
Increase milk secretion
Having relaxing effect 
Reduce irritability 
Stimulate attention and memory
Increase pain sensitivity 
Normalise blood prsssure
59
Q

What are the properties of positive air ions?

A 
Increase serotonin
Stimulate secretion of mineralocorticoid hormone
Inhibit activity of thyroid and ovary
Irritability
Decrease memory and pain sensitivity 
Increase blood pressure in hypertensives
60
Q

What are the short term effects of radiation exposure and contamination?

A

Acute radiation syndrome

Injury to skin

61
Q

What are the long term effects of radiation exposure and contamination?

A

Risk of developing cancer
Genetic changes
Emotional and psychological distress

62
Q

What is the air composition?

A

Nitrogen - 78.09%
Oxygen - 20.95%
Argon - 0.92%
CO2 - 0.03%

63
Q

What are the things the body does to compensate for lower oxygen levels in the atmosphere?

A

Increase respiratory rate
Increase amplitude of breathing
Increase cardiac output
Increase number of red blood cells in peripheral blood

64
Q

What is the normal breathing rate?

A

14-18 breaths per minute

65
Q

Which layer of ozone protects against UV

A

Stratospheric ozone

66
Q

At which concentration of CO2 does dyspneoa and hyperventilation occur?

A

3%

67
Q

At which concentration of CO2 does chest tightness and restlessness occur?

A

4%

68
Q

At which concentration of CO2 does loss of consciousness and death occur?

A

8%

69
Q

At which concentration of CO2 does sudden death by paralysis occur?

A

20%

70
Q

What are the general measures to clean the air?

A

Ventilation
Cleaning
Air disinfection

71
Q

Which mineral can cause Menkes disease?

A

Copper deficiency

72
Q

Which mineral leads to a loss of taste and smell?

A

Zinc deficiency

73
Q

Signs and symptoms of molybdenum deficiency

A

Increased risk of cancer
Sensitivity to sulfites
Patients with chrons disease leads to headaches, visual problems, rapid heart rate, respiratory problems, coma

74
Q

Daily recommended amount for molybdenum?

A

45 micrograms/day

75
Q

Symptoms and signs of molybdenum toxicity?

A

Gout like symptoms

76
Q

Symptoms and signs of iron toxicity?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Dizziness
Headaches
Fatigue
Anorexia 
Weight loss
Breathing problems
Greyish hue to skin
Atherosclerosis
Heart disease
Cancer
77
Q

Signs and symptoms of manganese toxicity?

A 
Anorexia
Weakness
Inappropriate laughter
Increased sexuality
Insomnia
Depression
Apathy
Aggressiveness 
Parkinson’s like symptoms
78
Q

What is the percentage of water that makes up the body?

A

80%

79
Q

How much of the brain is made of water?

A

75%

80
Q

What is the biggest problem of water from pipes?

A

Lead leaking into the water

81
Q

What can phthalate exposure from bottled water lead to?

A

Male reproductive disorders
Obesity
Insulin resistance

82
Q

How long can someone live without water intake?

A

3-5 days

83
Q

How much of the water on earth is salty vs fresh?

A

97% salty

2.5% fresh

84
Q

What may cause water to taste and smell funny?

A

Organic substances

Industrial pollution

85
Q

What is the turbidity of water?

A

Cleanliness of the water

86
Q

What can coliform bacteria in water cause?

A 
Intestinal infections 
Hepatitis
Dysentery 
Cholera
Typhoid fever
87
Q

What is the flow rate of air per minute?

A

8-9 litres per minute

80-100 litres at effort

88
Q

How is the amount of UVB increased?

A

Depletion of Ozone

89
Q

Which mineral leads to Parkinson’s like symptoms?

A

Manganese toxicity

90
Q

Which mineral leads to loss of taste and smell?

A

Zinc deficiency

91
Q

Which mineral leads to paronychia?

A

Zinc deficiency

92
Q

Which deficiency leads to menkes disease?

A

Copper deficiency

93
Q

Which mineral can cause gout like symptoms?

A

Molybdenum toxicity

94
Q

Which mineral increases the risk of atherosclerosis?

A

Chromium deficiency

95
Q

Which mineral leads to calcification of soft tissue?

A

Phosphorus toxicity

96
Q

Which mineral leads to disturbed activity of Magnesium, Iron and Zinc

A

Phosphorus toxicity

97
Q

Which mineral is a risk factor for chrons disease?

A

Molybdenum deficiency

98
Q

Signs and symptoms of zinc toxicity?

A

Anemia
Reduced immune function
Increased risk of genitourinary disease

99
Q

What can copper toxicity lead to?

A

High homocysteine levels

Discolouration of hair and skin

100
Q

Symptoms and signs of iodine toxicity

A 
Heart rhythm disorders
Coma
Fever
Burning of throat and stomach
Cancer

Hygien (1 decks)

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