Lecture Questions Flashcards
What are the 4 risk factors of calcium deficiency?
High phosphorus levels
Pregnancy
Advanced age
Diuretics
signs and symptoms of calcium deficiency?
High blood pressure Cardiac arrhythmia Weakness Insomnia Impaired concentration Paresthesia Excessive sweating Bone pain Muscles cramps or numbness Convulsions Poor appetite
signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Loss of appetite Dry mouth Polyuria Constipation Hypotension Fatigue Confusion Coma
What is the daily amount of calcium?
1-1.2mg/day
signs and symptoms of phosphorus deficiency?
Loss of appetite Fatigue Muscle weakness Bone pain Irritability Tingling Numbness Irregular breathing Anaemia
What is the daily recommended amount for phosphorus?
700mg/day
signs and symptoms of phosphorus toxicity?
Diarrhoea
Calcification of soft tissues
Disturb activity of Mg, Fe, Z
What are the signs and symptoms of severe Mg deficiency?
Severe deficiency = osteoporosis, depression, type 2 diabetes, asthma, hypertension, CAD
Signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia?
Hyporeflexia Depo tendon reflex attenuation Facial parasthesia Lethargy Muscular weakness Hypotension Bradycardia Shortness of breath Nausea Vomiting
What is the daily intake for Potassium?
4700mg/day
signs and symptoms of sodium deficiency?
Nausea Headaches Dizziness Muscle cramps Lethargy Confusion Cerebral oedema Coma
Symptoms and signs of hypernatremia?
High blood pressure Oedema MI Stroke Heart failure Kidney failure GERD Ulcers Stomach cancer Kidney stones
Daily recommended amount for Sodium?
1.5g/day
Symptoms and signs of chloride deficiency?
Loss of appetite Irritability Muscle weakness Dehydration Lethargy CVS problems Reduced physical and intellectual efficiency
Recommended daily amount for Chloride
2.3g/day
Chloride toxicity symptoms and signs
Hypertension
Congestive heart failure
Kidney disease
Cirrhosis
Signs and symptoms of chromium deficiency?
Fatigue Anxiety Impaired glucose tolerance Increased insulin requirement Changes in bone mineralisation Slowing of growth and development Disturbed lipid metabolism and increased risk of atherosclerosis
Daily recommended amount of Chromium?
Adult males - 35 micrograms/day
Adult females - 25 micrograms/day
Causes of copper deficiency?
Zinc supplements
Restricted diet
Genetic disorders
Signs and symptoms of copper deficiency?
Microcytic and hypochromic anemia Weakened immunity Bone development disorders Nerve problems Increased risk of osteoporosis Pigmentation disorders Menkes disease
Daily recommended amount of copper
900 micrograms/day
Signs and symptoms of manganese deficiency?
Weight loss Dizziness Weakness Irregular heartbeat Hearing problems Ataxia Impaired glucose tolerance Bone demineralisation Increased risk of cancer
Daily recommended amount for manganese?
- 3 Mg/day for men
1. 8 Mg/day for wonen
What are the 3 levels of iron deficiency?
Iron depletion
Iron deficiency
Iron deficiency anaemia
Daily recommended amount for iron
Men - 8mg/day
Women 18mg/day
Which diseases does iron toxicity occur in?
Hemochromatosis
What are some goitrogenic factors?
Cruciferous vegetables Selenium deficiency Iodine deficiency Iron deficiency Vitamin A deficiency
What are the signs and symptoms of iodine deficiency?
Women - miscarriages and still birth
Infants - mental retardation
Children - mental retardation and hypothyroidism
Adults - goitre, hypothyroidism, impaired mental function
Daily recommended amount for iodine?
150 micrograms/day
Signs and symptoms of selenium deficiency?
Big bone disease
Keshan disease
Kashin-Beck disease
Daily intake of selenium?
55 micrograms/day
What happens if you have selenium toxicity?
Carcinogenic effect and selinosis
Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency?
Immune suppression Impaired wound healing Loss of appetite Loss of taste and smell Diarrhoea Growth disorders Paronychia Alzheimer’s Post natal depression Acrodermatitis
Major diseases linked with zinc deficiency?
Alzheimer’s
Postnatal depression
Acrodermatitis
Daily recommended amount for zinc?
Men - 11mg/day
Women - 8mg/day
What is the water requirement of adults
35ml/kg
Which contaminants can get into tap water?
Lead
Nitrates
Cryptosporidium
What are the effects on the body of Lead from tap water?
Physical and mental developmental problems in children
High blood pressure
Kidney problems
What are the effects on the body of Nitrates from tap water?
Converted to nitrites and prevent blood from transporting oxygen
What are the effects on the body of Cryptosporidium from tap water?
GI disease
How do you remove the contaminants from the water?
Activated carbon filters
Ion exchange units
Carbon absorption
Reverse osmosis
When does the body need more water?
Warm weather
Physical exercise
Diet rich in animal protein
During illness
Which ways does the body lose water?
Urination
Sweating
Exhaling
Stool
What are the effects of lack of water?
Muscle weakness Cramping Headache Lack of coordination Increased risk of heat exhaustion Increased risk of stroke
What are the 6 physical ways to disinfect water?
UV Ultrasound Ultrafiltration Boiling Freezing Ionising radiation
Which 6 chemicals can disinfect water?
Chlorine Hypochlorite Ozone Halogens (bromine, iodine) Metals (silver) Kalium Permanganate
What can excessive amounts of nitrates from water lead to?
Methemoglobinemia
What is another name for Methemoglobinemia? And what causes it
Blue baby syndrome
Nitrates in drinking water
What is a potential risk of nitrates in large quantities in water?
Cancer risk
Methemoglobinemia
How do you remove nitrates from the water supply?
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Ion exchange
What are the 3 physical intrinsic factors of air?
Temperature
Humidity
Airflow
What are the 2 physical extrinsic factors of air?
Solar radiation
Variations in the magnetic field
What can affect the level of pollution in the day?
Air
What 3 effects does humidity of the air have?
Body thermoregulation
Air pollution
Meteo-climatic phenomena
Which 2 ways can humidity be expressed?
Absolute humidity
Relative humidity
What is the definition of absolute humidity?
Actual amount of water vapour in the air
Does not fluctuate with temperature of the air
What is the definition of relative humidity?
Amount of water vapour in the air at any given point for the specific temperature
What are the properties of negative air ions?
Stimulate metabolism of water soluble vitamins Reduce blood levels of Seratonin Stimulate secretion of glucocorticoid hormones Activate the thyroid, ovary and testis Increase milk secretion Having relaxing effect Reduce irritability Stimulate attention and memory Increase pain sensitivity Normalise blood prsssure
What are the properties of positive air ions?
Increase serotonin Stimulate secretion of mineralocorticoid hormone Inhibit activity of thyroid and ovary Irritability Decrease memory and pain sensitivity Increase blood pressure in hypertensives
What are the short term effects of radiation exposure and contamination?
Acute radiation syndrome
Injury to skin
What are the long term effects of radiation exposure and contamination?
Risk of developing cancer
Genetic changes
Emotional and psychological distress
What is the air composition?
Nitrogen - 78.09%
Oxygen - 20.95%
Argon - 0.92%
CO2 - 0.03%
What are the things the body does to compensate for lower oxygen levels in the atmosphere?
Increase respiratory rate
Increase amplitude of breathing
Increase cardiac output
Increase number of red blood cells in peripheral blood
What is the normal breathing rate?
14-18 breaths per minute
Which layer of ozone protects against UV
Stratospheric ozone
At which concentration of CO2 does dyspneoa and hyperventilation occur?
3%
At which concentration of CO2 does chest tightness and restlessness occur?
4%
At which concentration of CO2 does loss of consciousness and death occur?
8%
At which concentration of CO2 does sudden death by paralysis occur?
20%
What are the general measures to clean the air?
Ventilation
Cleaning
Air disinfection
Which mineral can cause Menkes disease?
Copper deficiency
Which mineral leads to a loss of taste and smell?
Zinc deficiency
Signs and symptoms of molybdenum deficiency
Increased risk of cancer
Sensitivity to sulfites
Patients with chrons disease leads to headaches, visual problems, rapid heart rate, respiratory problems, coma
Daily recommended amount for molybdenum?
45 micrograms/day
Symptoms and signs of molybdenum toxicity?
Gout like symptoms
Symptoms and signs of iron toxicity?
Nausea Vomiting Dizziness Headaches Fatigue Anorexia Weight loss Breathing problems Greyish hue to skin Atherosclerosis Heart disease Cancer
Signs and symptoms of manganese toxicity?
Anorexia Weakness Inappropriate laughter Increased sexuality Insomnia Depression Apathy Aggressiveness Parkinson’s like symptoms
What is the percentage of water that makes up the body?
80%
How much of the brain is made of water?
75%
What is the biggest problem of water from pipes?
Lead leaking into the water
What can phthalate exposure from bottled water lead to?
Male reproductive disorders
Obesity
Insulin resistance
How long can someone live without water intake?
3-5 days
How much of the water on earth is salty vs fresh?
97% salty
2.5% fresh
What may cause water to taste and smell funny?
Organic substances
Industrial pollution
What is the turbidity of water?
Cleanliness of the water
What can coliform bacteria in water cause?
Intestinal infections Hepatitis Dysentery Cholera Typhoid fever
What is the flow rate of air per minute?
8-9 litres per minute
80-100 litres at effort
How is the amount of UVB increased?
Depletion of Ozone
Which mineral leads to Parkinson’s like symptoms?
Manganese toxicity
Which mineral leads to loss of taste and smell?
Zinc deficiency
Which mineral leads to paronychia?
Zinc deficiency
Which deficiency leads to menkes disease?
Copper deficiency
Which mineral can cause gout like symptoms?
Molybdenum toxicity
Which mineral increases the risk of atherosclerosis?
Chromium deficiency
Which mineral leads to calcification of soft tissue?
Phosphorus toxicity
Which mineral leads to disturbed activity of Magnesium, Iron and Zinc
Phosphorus toxicity
Which mineral is a risk factor for chrons disease?
Molybdenum deficiency
Signs and symptoms of zinc toxicity?
Anemia
Reduced immune function
Increased risk of genitourinary disease
What can copper toxicity lead to?
High homocysteine levels
Discolouration of hair and skin
Symptoms and signs of iodine toxicity
Heart rhythm disorders Coma Fever Burning of throat and stomach Cancer
