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HISTOPATH > Lecture | Part 1 Hemodynamic Disorder > Flashcards

Lecture | Part 1 Hemodynamic Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

governed by several forces in the blood vessel wall intravascular volume.

A

Fluid dynamics

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2
Q

Fluid exits through

A

arterial vascular compartment/end

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3
Q

Fluid returns through

A

venous vascular compartment/end

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4
Q

pushing force

A

hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

pulling forces

A

oncotic or osmotic pressure

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6
Q

what happens in hydrostatic pressure

A

Fluid exits through arterial vascular compartment

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7
Q

what happens in oncotic (osmotic) pressure

A

Fluid returns to venous vascular compartment

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8
Q

level where pushing forces are about equal to the pulling forces.

A

At the capillary level

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9
Q

pulling forces so water from the interstitial space are pulled into the intravascular volume

A

oncotic or osmotic pressure

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10
Q

pushing pressure that promote water out of the blood vessel and into the interstitial space

A

hydrostatic pressure

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11
Q

behavior of water across compartments and to a certain extent blood. eg, Congestion hyperemia

A

Hemodynamic Disorders

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12
Q

in blood vessel there is hemostasis and if there is disturbances it may lead to clotting of the blood

A

Thromboembolic Disease

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13
Q

circulatory collapse

A

shock

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14
Q

increased fluid in the ECF

A

Edema

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15
Q

increase in blood blood flow in the arteriolar end

A

Hyperemia

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16
Q

increase in the backflow at the venus end

A

Congestion

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17
Q

extravasation of blood

A

Hemorrhage

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18
Q

blood is within the intravascular compartment if it goes out of the intravascular compartment it is now called

A

Hemorrhage

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19
Q

keeping keep the blood flowing in the intravascular space

A

Hemostasis

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20
Q

conditions that can cause clotting of blood

A

Thrombosis/thrombus formation.

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21
Q

From the adhered blood vessel, clotted blood is detached from the thrombus and travel across the blood vessels it will essentially be called

A

embolus

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22
Q

death of tissues due to lack of blood

A

Infarction

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23
Q

death of tissues due to decreased delivery of oxygen and this will cause cellular hypoxia

A

Infarction

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24
Q

circulatory failure/collapse

A

Shock

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25
Q

lack of perfusion to the different organs of the body

A

shock

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26
Q

4 possibilities of EDEMA

A
  1. Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
  2. Reduced Oncotic Pressure
  3. Lymphatic Obstruction
  4. Sodium/Water Retention
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27
Q

composes 60% of body

A

water

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28
Q

2/3 of body water is

A

intracellular

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29
Q

1/3 of body water is

A

interstitial

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30
Q

Only 5% water is

A

Intravascular

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31
Q

shift of water to the interstitial space

A

edema

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32
Q

water filling in the thoracic cavity

A

Hydrothorax.

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33
Q

water inside the pericardial space or pericardial cavity

A

hydropericardium

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34
Q

general term of fluid accumulating in the body cavities

A

Effusion

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35
Q

accumulation of water that involves the peritoneum

A

ascites

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36
Q

presence of water in the peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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37
Q

generalized edema

A

anasarca

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38
Q

accumulation of fluid in the soft tissues in the body cavities

A

anasarca

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39
Q

total body water volume

A

40 liters, 60% body weight

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40
Q

25 liters, 40% body weight

A

Intracellular fluid volume

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41
Q

15 liters, 20% body weight

A

extracellular fluid volume

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42
Q

12 L, 80% of ECF

A

interstitial fluid volume

43
Q

3 L, 20% of ECF

A

plasma volume

44
Q

15% of water is in the

A

interstitium

45
Q

least amount of water is found in

A

blood

46
Q
  • Impaired venous return
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Constrictive pericarditis
  • Venous obstruction or compression
  • Thrombosis
  • External pressure (e.g., mass)
  • Lower extremity inactivity with prolonged dependency
  • Arteriolar dilation
  • Heat
  • Neurohumoral dysregulation
A

INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

47
Q
  • Protein-losing glomerulopathies (nephrotic syndrome)
  • Liver cirrhosis (ascites)
  • Malnutrition
  • Protein-losing gastroenteropathy
A

REDUCED PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE (HYPOPROTEINEMIA)

48
Q

REDUCED PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE is also referred as

A

HYPOPROTEINEMIA

49
Q

one that exert this oncotic pressure and will attract water to go inside the blood vessel

A

plasma proteins

50
Q

Most important and abundant plasma protein

A

albumin

51
Q

Protein-losing in kidney

A

Protein-losing glomerulopathies

52
Q

Protein-losing in intestines

A

Protein-losing gastroenteropathy

53
Q

where the arteriolar end the pushing forces will tend to predominate so it will try to push water out of the blood vessel

A

REDUCED PLASMA ONCOTIC PRESSURE

54
Q
  • Inflammatory
  • Neoplastic
  • Post-surgical
  • Post-irradiation
A

LYMPHATIC OBSTRUCTION (LYMPHEDEMA)

55
Q

mechanism of edema that can block the flow of lymph tissue or lymphatic tissue fluid, flow of tissue fluid inside the lymphatic vessels

A

lymphatic obstruction

56
Q

conditions that will promote this lymphatic obstruction will tend to cause edema such as

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. presence of tumors
  3. the lymphatic vessels are destroyed during surgical operation
  4. or during radiation therapy
57
Q

any mass tumor, that can block the vessel you know will cause an decrease or increase in the pushing force?

A

increase in the pushing

58
Q

elephantiasis is an example of one of the mechanism of edema

A

lymphatic obstruction or lymphadema

59
Q
  1. Excessive salt intake with renal insufficiency
  2. Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium
  3. Renal hypoperfusion-Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion
A

Sodium [Na+] retention

60
Q

where sodium goes

A

water follows

61
Q

in the body the sodium is being managed by

A

kidney

62
Q

downstream travel of a clot

A

Embolism

63
Q

INFLAMMATION

A
  1. Acute inflammation
  2. Chronic inflammation
  3. Angiogenesis
64
Q

inflammation can bring in edema and this is due to the

A

opening of the gaps in the endothelial lining of the blood vessel wall

65
Q

type of fluid in inflammation

A

exudate

66
Q

DECREASED RENAL PERFUSION, triggering of RENIN- ANGIOTENSION-ALDOSTERONE complex, resulting ultimately in SODIUM RETENTION

A

CHF EDEMA

67
Q

INCREASED VENOUS PRESSURE DUE TO FAILURE

A

CHF EDEMA

68
Q

in congestive heart failure, the heart is not pumping very well and there will be a buildup of

A

venous pressure

69
Q

in left-sided heart failure, the build-up will occur in the lungs having a

A

pulmonary edema in congestive heart failure

70
Q

kidneys receive how many percentage of cardiac output

A

20 percent

71
Q

if kidney receives <20% of the cardiac output it will trigger your

A

Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone Axis (RAAS) (conserve sodium)

72
Q

HEPATIC ASCITES

A
  1. PORTAL HYPERTENSION
  2. HYPOALBUMINEMIA
73
Q

another cause of accumulation of water this time in the peritoneal cavity

A

portal hypertension

74
Q

in Schistosomiasis, there is an increase in –?– that will cause water to get out of the blood vessel and into the peritoneal cavity

A

portal hypertension

75
Q
  1. SODIUM RETENTION
  2. PROTEIN LOSING GLOMERULOPATHIES (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME)
A

RENAL EDEMA

76
Q

in renal edema, a lot of sodium in the blood will attract water inside the blood vessel so water will pull inside the blood vessel so there’s a build up of water in the intravascular space. this typically happens in

A

hypertension

77
Q

edema manifested in the subcutaneous tissues (dependent area) tend to accumulate in the

A

lower extremities in the feet

78
Q

most harmful or deadly consequence of edema happens in the

A

brain

79
Q

enclosed in a bony cranium

A

brain

80
Q

edema in the brain cannot overcome the hard skull making the soft brain to cause

A

hernation

81
Q

indentation on the subcutaneous tissue when putting pressure

A

pitting edema

82
Q

it will cause torsion of the portion of the brain or herniation

A

edema near the cingulate gyrus in the frontal lobe

83
Q

vulnerable area that will impinge on the midbrain

A

hippocampus

84
Q

where it will impinge on the lower brain stem.

A

cerebellum

85
Q

houses the the area for your respiration

A

lower brainstem

86
Q

3 location vulnerable for hernia

A
  1. Subfalcine herniation
  2. transtentorial herniation
  3. tonsillar herniation
87
Q
  1. results from disturbance of Starling forces
  2. specific gravity < 1.012
  3. protein content < 3 g/dl
  4. LDH low
A

transudate

88
Q
  1. results from damage to the capillary wall
  2. specific gravity > 1.012
  3. protein content > 3 g/dl
  4. LDH high
A

exudate

89
Q

shift of fluid from one compartment to another

A

transudate

90
Q

Active Process

A

HYPEREMIA

91
Q

hyperemia is theincrease in the blood flow at the arteriolar end and manifested as

A

erythema

92
Q

congestion is the decrease in the outflow at the venous end and manifested as

A

cyanosis black blue

93
Q

congestion is manifested as cyanosis black blue because

A

blood is deoxygenized blood

94
Q
  1. Passive Process
  2. Acute or Chronic
A

CONGESTION

95
Q

hyperemia is considered an active process due to the

A

dilatation of arteries

96
Q

congestion is considered a passice process because

A

only the blood will pull at the venus end there’s no dilatation

97
Q

congestion can occur in different organs such as

A

lung, the liver, and brain

98
Q

in acute passive congestion in the lungs it can be manifested in an x-ray when there is increase in the lines not peripheral lines or what we call

A

kelsey’s lines

99
Q

indicates a characteristic of your pulmonary edema

A

kelsey’s lines

100
Q

In chronic passive congestion in the lungs there is an increased pressure in the pulmonary vessels the small or the thin walls of the blood vessels, making the veins?

A

rupture and blood can again squeeze through the alveolar spaces

101
Q

blood is taken up by macrophages when a person died with congestive heart failure. At the lungs there are so many hemosiderin macrophages which is known as

A

heart failure cells

102
Q

in right-sided heart failure, the congestion will occur in the

A

lungs

103
Q

congestion in the liver occurs in what vein

A

central veins

104
Q

congestion in the brain will cause –?– of the gyrus, which is prone to herniation

A

flattening

HISTOPATH (4 decks)

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