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introduction to marine biology > Lecture One: Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture One: Introduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How much of the world is water

A

71%

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2
Q

what are the 3 phases of water?

A

liquid, vapour, and solid

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3
Q

what compound is in 3 phases?

A

water is the only one naturally able to reside in 3 phases.

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4
Q

How did water come to earth , theory?

A

ice is on astroids, physicists think the earth was bombarded with astroids and mediators , this then melted on impact and created water on earth

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5
Q

what does an atom consist of?

A

nucleus, electron shell (cloud)

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6
Q

what is in the nucleus?

A

contains: protons (positive charge)

neutrons (no charge)

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7
Q

what does the electron shell contain?

A

Electron shell has electrons (negative charge)

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8
Q

electrons have what charge?

A

negative charge

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9
Q

protons have what charge?

A

positive

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10
Q

Do neutrons have a charge?

A

no

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11
Q

what is H?

A

hydrogen

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12
Q

what is O and C?

A

Oxygen and Carbon

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13
Q

whats an ion?

A

an atom or molecule that has a net electric charge, which has been made due to the gain or loss of an electron

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14
Q

can you gain and loose protons?

A

no never

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15
Q

which electrons are gained and lost?

A

ones in the outer most cell

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16
Q

whats Na+ ?

A

Sodium

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17
Q

whats Cl- ?

A

chloride

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18
Q

why does sodium have a positive charge?

A

?

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19
Q

whats explosive when exposed to water?

A

sodium

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20
Q

chlorine gas can do what to you?

A

kill you

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21
Q

sodium and chlorine make?

A

salt

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22
Q

what is S ?

A

sulphur

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23
Q

what is P?

A

phosphorus

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24
Q

whats K?

A

potassium

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25
Q

what happened in 1953?

A

basic form of DNA was being discovered

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26
Q

what happens in 2003?

A

mapping the human genome

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27
Q

whats the atomic number?

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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28
Q

Are noble gases reactive?

A

no

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29
Q

why are atoms allowed to ionise?

A

because of the atoms in the outer shell

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30
Q

what are the 3 types of bonds we need to know?

A

covalent, ionic, hydrogen bonds (weak)

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31
Q

covalent bonds involves what?

A

the sharing of electrons

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32
Q

In ionic bonding what happens?

A

one atom gain an electron, one atom uses an electron

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33
Q

what is eltrostatic attarction?

A

?

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34
Q

what do weak interactions do?

A

help stick molecules together

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35
Q

whats a common weak interaction?

A

hydrogen bonds

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36
Q

how long does a hydrogen bond last?

A

1 nano second

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37
Q

whats the relative strength of all bonds?

A

covalent is stronger then ionic, ionic is stronger then hydrogen

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38
Q

what the hardest bond to break?

A

covalent

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39
Q

when breaking a bond whats released?

A

energy

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40
Q

what are molecules made up of?

A

atoms

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41
Q

is water an ionic molecule?

A

no

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42
Q

what type of molecule is water?

A

a polar molecule

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43
Q

whats a polar molecule?

A

when one side is positively charged and one is negatively charged

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44
Q

what makes water have odd properties?

A

the fact that its a polar molecule

45
Q

if water wasn’t polar what would happen to ice?

A

would melt really easily

46
Q

in water hydrogen is slightly ____ and oxygen is ____

A
  1. positive

2. negative

47
Q

dotted line represents what bond?

A

hydrogen bonds

48
Q

Hydorgen bonds form an break how many times a second

A

a billion times

49
Q

what allows water to be liquid on earth?

A

the hydrogen bonds found in its structure

50
Q

what gives water its heat capacity?

A

?

51
Q

water takes ___ to heat and ___ to cool

A
  1. long

2. long

52
Q

ice is a ____ energy state then liquid water

A
  1. lower
53
Q

Hydrogen bonds are stronger or weaker at a lower temperature?

A

stronger

54
Q

atoms and molecules have ___ activity at higher temperatures

A
  1. more
55
Q

whats the boiling point of water?

A

100c

56
Q

whats the freezing point of water?

A

0c

57
Q

what happens to water when it freezes (heat of fusion)?

A

when water freezes its releases heat

58
Q

what happens when ice melts?

A

water is absorbing heat

59
Q

what powers hurricanes and thunderstorms?

A

heat vaporisation

60
Q

heat is absorbed when?

A

when water goes from liquid to vapour

61
Q

are heat and temperature the same?

A

no

62
Q

what is heat?

A

the total energy of molecular motion

63
Q

what is temperature?

A

measure of the average energy

64
Q

what happens when water changes phases?

A

there is a transfer of heat

65
Q

does water have a high heat capacity?

A

yes

66
Q

whats the ratio for water/air?

A

4/1 , 4 times as much energy to change water temperature by 1 degree compared to air temperature

67
Q

what the ratio for water/ethanol ?

A

2/1 , 2 times as much energy to change water temperature by 1 degree compared to ethanol temperature

68
Q

what stores more heat, water or air?

A

water stores more heat

69
Q

what do bois in Maine gulf measure?

A

water temperature

70
Q

what temperature does salt water freeze at and why?

A

salt water freezes at -1.86c due to ions

71
Q

why can water dissolve salt?

A

the covalent bonds of water are stronger than the ionic bonds in the salt molecules

72
Q

what does water do to salt?

A

Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together.

73
Q

can water dissolve non polar molecules?

A

no (eg no lipids fats)

74
Q

calcium carbonate dissolves very ____.

A
  1. slowly
75
Q

what won’t dissolve?

A

ion oxide

76
Q

in clear water what light penetrates the deepest ?

A

blue light

77
Q

what light penetrates water the least?

A

red light

78
Q

how far does uv light penetrate water?

A

200 m

79
Q

what penetrates water further blue light or uv?

A

uv

80
Q

what percent of light energy penetrates to 100m?

A

less then 1%

81
Q

what is turbid?

A

tired up water, with particulate matter

82
Q

what happens to light in turbid waters?

A

65% of light is absorbed in first 100m

83
Q

what is ph?

A

measure of acid and alkaline

84
Q

human saliva is?

A

neutral

85
Q

neutral ph is ?

A

7 and above

86
Q

ph scale is?

A

logarythmic

87
Q

what are the major sources of salt in sea water?

A

6 ions, sodium, magnesium, calcium, potassium, chloride and sulfate

88
Q

sea water is measured in what?

A

parts per thousand

89
Q

what ion is in water at the highest amount?

A

chloride

90
Q

sea water averages at how many parts per thousand?

A

35 parts per thousand

91
Q

what reduces sea water acidity?

A

fresh water from river

92
Q

what does fishing do to sea water?

A

removes salt

93
Q

what gases are found in sea water?

A

nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide + others

94
Q

what is oxygen a bi product of?

A

photosynthesis

95
Q

what is solubility?

A

ability for a product to dissolve in a solution

96
Q

carbon dioxide travels from where?

A

ocean to atmosphere

97
Q

what requires calcium carbonate?

A

corals,

98
Q

sea water is saturated with?

A

carbonate

99
Q

what happens if the pH is low?

A

its hard to precipitate out calcium carbonate

100
Q

where does carbon get released from?

A

carbon cycle is important, released from organisms through respiration.

101
Q

carbon is also found from?

A

dead organisms

102
Q

carbon is found in shells corals and ?

A

skeletons in organisms that have them

103
Q

whats density measured in?

A

g/cm^3

104
Q

whats the density of fresh water?

A

1

105
Q

whats the density of salt water?

A

1.027

106
Q

As temperature decreases what happens to density?

A

density increases

107
Q

colder water is more or less dense?

A

more

108
Q

as solidity increases what happens to density?

A

it also increases

introduction to marine biology (3 decks)

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