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Genetics Exam #1 > Lecture One > Flashcards

Lecture One Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

A

Organisms that have been altered by the introduction of foreign genes.

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2
Q

Two Theories of Inheritance

A

Pangenesis Concept

Germ-Plasm Theory

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3
Q

Pangenesis

A

information is stored throughout the body

“gemmules” transport body’s information to reproductive organs.

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4
Q

Lamark’s explanation of Genetics

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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5
Q

Weissman’s explanation of Genetics

A

Inheritance only via gamete (egg/sperm) cells

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

A milestone in Genetics: Genes and the rules of inheritance
Determined experimentally that traits are passed from generation to generation through “genes.”
Described the theories of segregation & Independent Assortment

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7
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

A milestone in Genetics. The structure of DNA

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8
Q

The Humane Genome Project

A

Sequencing DNA and cataloguing genes

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9
Q

Walter Sutton

A

Coined the term “gene” for Mendel’s “factors”
Connected chromosome behavior to “factor” behavior”
Observed that cells have two copies of each chromosome.

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10
Q

Thomas Morgan

A

Worked with fruit flies
Described that mutations give rise to new traits.
Coined the term allele

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11
Q

Allele

A

The expression of a gene

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12
Q

The gene is the fundamental unit of ______
Genes have multiple forms called _____
Genes/alleles confer _______
Genetic information is encoded in ___ and __
Genes are located on ________

A 
heredity
alleles
phenotypes
DNA, RNA
chromosomes
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13
Q

In all cellular organisms, the genetic material is ___

A

DNA

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14
Q

Genetic Material must:

A

1) be able to replicate
2) contain information
3) be able to change

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15
Q

How information flows

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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16
Q

Genes are made from _________

Nucleic acids are made of building blocks called _________

A

nucleic acids

nucleotides

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17
Q

Three components of nucleotides

A

Sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogen-containing molecule (A,G,C,T)

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18
Q

Blending Inheritance (Carl Nageli)

A

Traits found in mother and father blend in the offspring

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19
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Lamark and Darwin)

A

Traits are modified in the parents and passed to the offsrping

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20
Q

The experimentation with the pea plant could produce large number of…

A

progenies

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21
Q

Standard Pea plant Scientific Name

A

Pisum Sativum

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22
Q

Pea plants are…

A

Perfect flowers

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23
Q

F2 generation is the result of…

A

Selfing cross between F1s

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24
Q

Mendel proposed ______ inheritance

A

Particulate - Do not blend together but maintain their integrity

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25
Q

Alleles ______ during the formation of gametes

A

Segregate

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26
Q

Principle of Segregation

A

Each gamete carries only one allele for seed shape, because the alleles have segregated during meiosis.

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27
Q

Heterogametic

A

XY (males)

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28
Q

Homogametic

A

XX

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29
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Dense

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30
Q

Euchromatin

A

Less dense

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31
Q

DNA wrapped around histone =

A

nucleosomes

32
Q

DNA + nucleosomes =

A

chromatin

33
Q

Genes are…

A

transcribed units along the DNA of a chromosome

34
Q

Mutations alter…

A

amino acid sequnce

35
Q

Null mutations yield enzymes that lack

A

“normal function”

36
Q

Mutations in promoter regions yield…

A

no gene product

37
Q

Haplosufficient genes

A

null mutations are recessive

one allel producing “normal” protein transcripts is sufficient

38
Q

Haploinsufficient genes

A

null mutations are dominant

A single allele does not produce enough product for normal functioning

39
Q

Epistasis

A

phenotypes affected by many genes

40
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

Some genes affect multiple phenotypes

41
Q

Propositus

A

Member of family that first shows trait of interest

42
Q

Law of independent Assortment

A

Unlinked genes are inherited independently during gamete formation

43
Q

ratio of gametes in a dihybrid cross

A

1:1:1:1

44
Q

Polar microtubules

A

Push the poles of the cell away from each other

45
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Pull chromosomes towards opposite poles

46
Q

The formation of the mitotic spindle is completed in..

A

Metaphase

47
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

When a ring of actin and myosin filaments contracts inside the cell membrane causing it to pinch inward.

48
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

occurs as vesicles are transported from the golgi apparatus to the middle of the dividing cell. These vesicles fuse to form a cell plate

49
Q

Bacteria do not undergo..

A

cytokinesis, but instead, divide via fission.

50
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Chromosome replication success
DNA is undamaged
Activated MPF is present

51
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

All chromosomes are attached to a spindle apparatus

52
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Cells are of adequate size
nutrients are sufficient
Social signals are present
DNA is undamaged

53
Q

Early Prophase 1 - Meiosis

A

Chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms, nuvlear envelope breaks up, Synapsis of homologous chromosomes

54
Q

Late Prophase 1 - Meiosis

A

Crossing over of non-sister chromatids

55
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Migration of tetrads to metaphase plate

56
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologs seperate and begin moving in opposite direction in the cell

57
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes move to opposite side of the cell, the cytokinesis divides it.

58
Q

Prophase II

A

Spindle apparatus forms

59
Q

Metaphase II

A

Line up at the metaphasal plate

60
Q

Anaphase

A

The sister chromatids seperate and begin to go toward the opposite direction in the cell

61
Q

Daughter cells ARe or ARE NOT geneticall identical

A

No, because of crossing over

62
Q

Synapsis is during…

A

Prophase 1

63
Q

Crossing over is during…..

A

Prophase 1

64
Q

Advantage of shuffling?

A

Genetic variation…not clones

65
Q

Recombination

A

Produces new allelic combinations

66
Q

recombinants are…

A

useful in determining if genes are unlinked (seperate chromosomes)

67
Q

If the frequency of recombinants differs from expected values (independent assortment) then…

A

they are linked

68
Q

Two mechanisms of recombination

A

Independent assortment, crossing over during meiosis

69
Q

50% recombinate frequency observed in testcross =

A

genes are likely carried on seperate chromosomes

70
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Continuous variation

71
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Phenotypes arrected by allels at two or more genes, not just multiple alleles at one gene.

72
Q

Uniparental (maternal) inheritance

A

Revealed by reciprocal crosses
Mutant femal x wildtype male yields all mutant progeny
Mutant male x wildtype female yields all wildtype progeny

73
Q

DOES NOT FOLLOW MENDELIAN RULES

A

Uniparental (maternal) inheritance

74
Q

The main source of recombinants

A

Independent Assortment

75
Q

Forward Genetics starts with..

A

observed differences in the form and function of the organism and searches for the causal genetic differences

Genetics Exam #1 (1 decks)

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