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Genetics Exam #1 > Lecture One > Flashcards

Lecture One Flashcards

1
Q

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

A

Organisms that have been altered by the introduction of foreign genes.

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2
Q

Two Theories of Inheritance

A

Pangenesis Concept

Germ-Plasm Theory

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3
Q

Pangenesis

A

information is stored throughout the body

“gemmules” transport body’s information to reproductive organs.

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4
Q

Lamark’s explanation of Genetics

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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5
Q

Weissman’s explanation of Genetics

A

Inheritance only via gamete (egg/sperm) cells

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6
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

A milestone in Genetics: Genes and the rules of inheritance
Determined experimentally that traits are passed from generation to generation through “genes.”
Described the theories of segregation & Independent Assortment

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7
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick

A

A milestone in Genetics. The structure of DNA

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8
Q

The Humane Genome Project

A

Sequencing DNA and cataloguing genes

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9
Q

Walter Sutton

A

Coined the term “gene” for Mendel’s “factors”
Connected chromosome behavior to “factor” behavior”
Observed that cells have two copies of each chromosome.

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10
Q

Thomas Morgan

A

Worked with fruit flies
Described that mutations give rise to new traits.
Coined the term allele

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11
Q

Allele

A

The expression of a gene

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12
Q

The gene is the fundamental unit of ______
Genes have multiple forms called _____
Genes/alleles confer _______
Genetic information is encoded in ___ and __
Genes are located on ________

A 
heredity
alleles
phenotypes
DNA, RNA
chromosomes
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13
Q

In all cellular organisms, the genetic material is ___

A

DNA

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14
Q

Genetic Material must:

A

1) be able to replicate
2) contain information
3) be able to change

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15
Q

How information flows

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

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16
Q

Genes are made from _________

Nucleic acids are made of building blocks called _________

A

nucleic acids

nucleotides

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17
Q

Three components of nucleotides

A

Sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose)
Phosphate molecule
Nitrogen-containing molecule (A,G,C,T)

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18
Q

Blending Inheritance (Carl Nageli)

A

Traits found in mother and father blend in the offspring

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19
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics (Lamark and Darwin)

A

Traits are modified in the parents and passed to the offsrping

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20
Q

The experimentation with the pea plant could produce large number of…

A

progenies

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21
Q

Standard Pea plant Scientific Name

A

Pisum Sativum

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22
Q

Pea plants are…

A

Perfect flowers

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23
Q

F2 generation is the result of…

A

Selfing cross between F1s

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24
Q

Mendel proposed ______ inheritance

A

Particulate - Do not blend together but maintain their integrity

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25
Alleles ______ during the formation of gametes
Segregate
26
Principle of Segregation
Each gamete carries only one allele for seed shape, because the alleles have segregated during meiosis.
27
Heterogametic
XY (males)
28
Homogametic
XX
29
Heterochromatin
Dense
30
Euchromatin
Less dense
31
DNA wrapped around histone =
nucleosomes
32
DNA + nucleosomes =
chromatin
33
Genes are...
transcribed units along the DNA of a chromosome
34
Mutations alter...
amino acid sequnce
35
Null mutations yield enzymes that lack
"normal function"
36
Mutations in promoter regions yield...
no gene product
37
Haplosufficient genes
null mutations are recessive | one allel producing "normal" protein transcripts is sufficient
38
Haploinsufficient genes
null mutations are dominant | A single allele does not produce enough product for normal functioning
39
Epistasis
phenotypes affected by many genes
40
Pleiotrophy
Some genes affect multiple phenotypes
41
Propositus
Member of family that first shows trait of interest
42
Law of independent Assortment
Unlinked genes are inherited independently during gamete formation
43
ratio of gametes in a dihybrid cross
1:1:1:1
44
Polar microtubules
Push the poles of the cell away from each other
45
Kinetochore microtubules
Pull chromosomes towards opposite poles
46
The formation of the mitotic spindle is completed in..
Metaphase
47
Cleavage furrow
When a ring of actin and myosin filaments contracts inside the cell membrane causing it to pinch inward.
48
Cytokinesis in plants
occurs as vesicles are transported from the golgi apparatus to the middle of the dividing cell. These vesicles fuse to form a cell plate
49
Bacteria do not undergo..
cytokinesis, but instead, divide via fission.
50
G2 checkpoint
Chromosome replication success DNA is undamaged Activated MPF is present
51
Metaphase checkpoint
All chromosomes are attached to a spindle apparatus
52
G1 Checkpoint
Cells are of adequate size nutrients are sufficient Social signals are present DNA is undamaged
53
Early Prophase 1 - Meiosis
Chromosomes condense, spindle apparatus forms, nuvlear envelope breaks up, Synapsis of homologous chromosomes
54
Late Prophase 1 - Meiosis
Crossing over of non-sister chromatids
55
Metaphase 1
Migration of tetrads to metaphase plate
56
Anaphase 1
Homologs seperate and begin moving in opposite direction in the cell
57
Telophase 1
Chromosomes move to opposite side of the cell, the cytokinesis divides it.
58
Prophase II
Spindle apparatus forms
59
Metaphase II
Line up at the metaphasal plate
60
Anaphase
The sister chromatids seperate and begin to go toward the opposite direction in the cell
61
Daughter cells ARe or ARE NOT geneticall identical
No, because of crossing over
62
Synapsis is during...
Prophase 1
63
Crossing over is during.....
Prophase 1
64
Advantage of shuffling?
Genetic variation...not clones
65
Recombination
Produces new allelic combinations
66
recombinants are...
useful in determining if genes are unlinked (seperate chromosomes)
67
If the frequency of recombinants differs from expected values (independent assortment) then...
they are linked
68
Two mechanisms of recombination
Independent assortment, crossing over during meiosis
69
50% recombinate frequency observed in testcross =
genes are likely carried on seperate chromosomes
70
Polygenic inheritance
Continuous variation
71
Polygenic inheritance
Phenotypes arrected by allels at two or more genes, not just multiple alleles at one gene.
72
Uniparental (maternal) inheritance
Revealed by reciprocal crosses Mutant femal x wildtype male yields all mutant progeny Mutant male x wildtype female yields all wildtype progeny
73
DOES NOT FOLLOW MENDELIAN RULES
Uniparental (maternal) inheritance
74
The main source of recombinants
Independent Assortment
75
Forward Genetics starts with..
observed differences in the form and function of the organism and searches for the causal genetic differences

Genetics Exam #1 (1 decks)

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