Lecture One.

Question 1

Order of Classification System :

Answer 1

Domain , Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 2

Species

Answer 2

all organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring with one another

Question 3

speciation

Answer 3

the formation of a new species

Question 4

Inbreeding

Answer 4

the mating of relatives

Question 5

outbreeding

Answer 5

mating of non-relatives maintains genetic flow between populations

Question 6

specialization

Answer 6

is the process by which the members of a species tailor their behaviors to exploit their environments.

Question 7

bacteriophage

Answer 7

a virus that infects bacteria

Question 8

A virus following a lytic cycle is…

Answer 8

a virulent virus that is capable of causing disease

Question 9

Viral envelopes are …

Answer 9

pinched off pieces of host cellular membrane

Question 10

which RNA strand can directly code for proteins ?

Answer 10

+RNA

Question 11

Retrovirus

Answer 11

single stranded RNA virus that is able to transcribe from RNA to double stranded DNA carried out by reverse transcriptase.

Question 12

Viroids

Answer 12

small rings of naked RNA without capsids, only infect plants.

Question 13

Prions

Answer 13

Naked Proteins that cause infections in animals

Question 14

Three Shapes of Bacteria

Answer 14

Cocci ( spherical), Bacilli ( rod-shaped), spirilli (spiral shaped)

Question 15

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 15

the peptidoglycan cell wall is located just outside of the cell membrane, thick

Question 16

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Answer 16

the peptidoglycan cell wall is located between two celll membranes, small and thin.

Question 17

Movement towards substance that will promote survival and growth of bacterium is called

Answer 17

chemotaxis

Question 18

Transformation

Answer 18

the process in which bacteria incorporate DNA from the external environment into their genomes.

Question 19

Transduction

Answer 19

involves the transfer of genetic material by a virus

Question 20

Proteins that will remain int the cytosol, are translated in the cytosol

Answer 20

Proteins that will ultimately be exported from the cell are translated on the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 21

What vesicles inactivate toxic substances , regulate oxygen concentration, play a role in the synthesis and break down of lipids and are involved in the metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates?

Answer 21

Peroxisomes

Question 22

microtubles

Answer 22

provide a platform for transport within a cell, and support the shape of the cell.

Question 23

microfilaments

Answer 23

(actin filaments) interact with myosin to cause muscle contraction

Question 24

intermediate filaments

Answer 24

help to maintain the cells shape (i.e. Keratin)

Question 25

Amphipathic proteins can cross the membrane from the inside of the cell to the outside and are called intergral proteins

Answer 25

Extrinsic proteins are located on the surface of the membrane and are generally hydrophilic

Question 26

Tight Junctions

Answer 26

form a watertight seal from cell to cell that can block water, ions , and other molecules from moving around and past cells.

Question 27

Desosomes

Answer 27

join two cells at a single point, are found in tissues that normally receive a lot of stress like the skin or intestines.

Question 28

Gap junctions

Answer 28

small tunnels that connect cells, facilitating the movement of small molecules and ions between the cells

Question 29

second messnger

Answer 29

activates or deactivates enzymes and/or ion channels and often creates a cascade of chemical reactions that amplifies the effect of the hormone.