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MCAT Biology. > Lecture One. > Flashcards

Lecture One. Flashcards

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1
Q

Most macromolecules are broken apart by ____

and formed by ____

A

Hydrolysis , Dehydration

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a bond by adding the H and OH of water to either end.

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3
Q

Dehydration

A

Two molecules are combine to form a large molecule and water is formed as a by product.

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4
Q

Lipids Play Roles in :

A

Energy Storage , Cellular Organization and Structure in the membrane , start of vitamins and hormones .

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5
Q

Fatty Acids:

A

act as fuel for the body and are components of the membrane.

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6
Q

Triacylglycerols (Fats):

A

Function to store energy and to provide thermal insulation and padding.

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7
Q

Amphipathic

A

molecules that have a polar and nonpolar end.

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8
Q

Steroids

A

Regulate metabolic activities

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9
Q

The Liver Regulates

A

the blood glucose level

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10
Q

Plants Use _____ for long term storage

A

Starch ( amylose and amylopectin)

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11
Q

For plants Cellulose is Used

A

for structure and not energy , non-digestible in humans

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12
Q

Nucleotides are made up of …

A

Five carbon (pentose) sugar , a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

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13
Q

Nucleotides are joined together by

A

phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon of the pentose sugar of the other nucleotide ( sugar-phosphate back bone)

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14
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine ( Two ring structures)

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15
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine ( Single ring structures)

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16
Q

The Structure of RNA

A

Hydoxyl group attached to sugar, single stranded , contain uracil, and isn’t confined to the nucleus like DNA.

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17
Q

Amino Acids are linked by ________ to create protiens

A

Peptide bonds

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18
Q

Primary structure

A

the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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19
Q

Secondary structure

A

alpha-helix and beta-sheet structures contribute to the overall shape, conformation, of the protein

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20
Q

tertiary structure

A

refers to the three dimensional shape formed by curls and folds in the peptide chain

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21
Q

quaternary structure

A

when two or more polypeptide chains bind together

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22
Q

Vmax is….

A

the maximum reaction rate of a enzyme, proportional to the enzyme concentration

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23
Q

Km is….

A

the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is equal to 1/2 Vmax. indicates how highly concentrated the substrate must be to speed up the reaction.

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24
Q

Competative inhibitors…

A

compete with the substrate by binding to the active site, increase substrate (km) but not Vmax.

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25
Q

uncompetative inhibitors …

A

bind at a site other than the active site once the enzyme-substrate complex is formed. Vmax is lowered and Km is unaffected because adding more substrate doesn’t over come the inhibitor.

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26
Q

mixed inhibitions…

A

can bind to either the enzyme alone or the enzyme-substrate complex. if they act like competitive , and bond to the enzyme Km increases, If the act like noncompetitive , and bind to the enzyme substrate complex Km lowers.

27
Q

The cell can create Different products and different amounts of those products from the same single genetic code in response to the cellular environment .

A

importance of being able to alter the expression of the genes in a genome is illustrated by considering how many different types of cells there are in a human body, each cell has the same genome but some become bone while others become muscle, liver, etc.

28
Q

Epigenetics

A

Changes that are made around the genome that do not alter the actual nucleotide sequence. The purpose of epigenetic control is to provide a system of regulation that allows gene expression to adapt to the needs of the organism.

29
Q

DNA Methylation

A

causese DNA to be wound more tightly to the histone, these sections are inaccesible to cellular machinery and cant be transcribed so expression is reduced.

30
Q

Go Phase

A

Cells are busy serving their various functions within the body and producing proteins for this purpose

31
Q

Types of RNA

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA) , transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA).

32
Q

Initiation

A

A group of DNA binding proteins called transcriptions factors identifies a promoter on the DNA strand

33
Q

Promoter

A

a sequence of DNA nucleotides that designates a beginning point for transcription.

34
Q

Elongation

A

RNA polymerase transcribes only one strand of the DNA nucleotide sequence into a complementary RNA nucleotide sequence.
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand in the 3’ to 5’ , building the new RNA strand in 5’ to 3’ .

35
Q

lac operon

A

codes for enzymes that allow E. coli to import and metabolize lactose when glucose is not present in sufficient amounts.

36
Q

Alternative splicing

A

allows the cell to incorporate different coding sequences into the mature mRNA

37
Q

degenrative

A

The genetic is said to be this because more than one series of nucleotides may code for the same amino acid.

38
Q

STOP codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

39
Q

Initiation Codon

A

AUG

40
Q

Ribosimal sedimentary coefficent

A

Prokaryote: 70S
Eukaryote: 80S

41
Q

Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus

A

the product of translation is a chain of Amino Acids

42
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A

condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, the two identical copies of chromosomes are joined together near their centers by centromeres,

Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, the spindle apparatus begins to form .

43
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

orderly lining up of the chromosomes ensures that they will be separated such that each daughter cell receives one of each chromosome.

44
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A

sister chromatin split at their attaching centromeres and segregate to opposite sides of the cell

45
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A

the nuclear membrane reforms followed by the formation of the nucleolus , cytokineses continues resulting in two identical daughter cells .

46
Q

Mutations can be___________ occurring due to random errors in the natural process, or ________ occurring due to physical or chemical agents called mutagens

A

spontaneous, induced

47
Q

point mutation

A

changes a single nucleotide in a double strand of DNA

48
Q

silent mutation

A

neutral mutation in which the amino acid sequence is unchanged .

49
Q

missense mutation

A

a base substitution changes a codon, which results in the translation of a different amino acid.

50
Q

nonsense mutation

A

when a change to the nucleotide sequence creates a stop codon when none previously existed

51
Q

translocation

A

when a segment of DNA from one chromosome is exchanged for a segment of DNA on another chromsome

52
Q

Meiosis: Prophase I

A

exchange sequences of DNA nucleotides in a process called crossing over, this is critically important for providing genetic variation in the genetic makeup of the gametes, and consequently, the offspring

53
Q

when genes on the same chromosome are located close together, they are more likely to cross over together and be linked is called

A

gene linkage

54
Q

Meiosis: Metaphase I

A

the two homologues remain attached, and move to the metaphase phase.

55
Q

Meiosis: Anaphase I

A

the homologous chromosomes each separate from their partner, independently assorting to create two haploid cells.

56
Q

Meiosis: Telophase I

A

the nuclear membrane does reform and cytokineses does occur. the new cells are haploid with 23 replicated chromosomes and are called secondary spermatocytes and secondary oocytes.

57
Q

Nondisjunction

A

when the centromere of any chromosome doesnt split during Anaphase I or II. causing one of the cells to have extra chromosomes . This can be severe because the genetic information is passed to every cell in the body.

58
Q

the normal or most common allele type for a certain trait within a population

A

WILD TYPE

59
Q

complete dominance

A

dominant allele masks expression of the recessive allelle

60
Q

Law of Segregation

A

alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes during meiosis

61
Q

incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous indivisual exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between its homozygous counterparts

62
Q

Co-dominant

A

heterozygote exhibits both phenotypes

63
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

genes that code for different traits when located on different chromosomes, don’t affect each other during gamete formation.

64
Q

Phenotypic Ratio of a dihybridCross

A

9:3:3:1

MCAT Biology. (1 decks)

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