Lecture One

Question 1

Cognitive-linguistic processes

Answer 1

The combination of thoughts, feelings, and emotions generate an intent to communicate verbally is organized and converted into a code that abides by the rules of language

Question 2

Motor speech planning, programming, and control

Answer 2

The selection, sequencing, and regulation of sensorimotor “programs” that activate speech muscles at appropriate times, durations, and intensities. Organizes an intended verbal message for neuromuscular execution

Question 3

Neuromuscular execution

Answer 3

The neural and neuromuscular transmission and subsequent muscle contractions and movements of speech structures. The central and peripheral nervous system activity combines to execute speech motor programs by innervating breathing, phonatory, resonatory, and articulatory muscles.

Question 4

Motor speech processes

Answer 4

The combined processes of speech motor planning, programming, control, and execution

Question 5

Motor Speech Disorders

Answer 5

Dysarthria and Apraxia of Speech

Question 6

THE DYSARTHRIAS

Answer 6

Abnormalities in the strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, or accuracy of movements required for the breathing, phonatory, resonatory, articulatory, or prosodic aspects of speech production.

Neuropathophysiologic disturbances of control or execution
* Due to one or more sensorimotor abnormalities,
* weakness, spasticity, incoordination, involuntary movements, or excessive
or variable muscle tone

Question 7

THE DYSARTHRIAS pt 2

Answer 7

1. Dysarthria is neurologic in origin.
2. It is a disorder of movement.
3. It can be categorized into different types characterized by distinguishable perceptual characteristics and underlying neuropathophysiologic factors. The ability to categorize the dysarthrias therefore has implications for the localization of the causal disorder

Question 8

Factors involved when identifying dysarthria

Answer 8

Age of onset
Cause
Natural course
Site of lesion
Neurological diagnosis of disease
Pathophysiology
Speech subsystem involved
Perceptual characteristics
Severity

Question 9

APRAXIA OF SPEECH (AOS)

Answer 9

• “A motor speech disorder caused by a disturbance in motor planning, or programming of sequential movement for volitional speech production.”
• Characteristics include impaired articulation, rate, and prosody, or in the rhythm of the spoken utterance”
• Typically co-exists with aphasia or language delay
• Less likely to occur concomitantly with dysarthria

Question 10

CHILDHOOD APRAXIA OF SPEECH (CAS)

Answer 10

• “Term used or the developmental counterpart of acquired apraxia
  of speech”
• Development of expressive phonological skills are affected

Question 11

SPEECH DISTURBANCES THAT ARE DISTINGUISHABLE FROM MOTOR SPEECH DISORDERS

Answer 11

Other Neurologic Disorders
Cognitive, Linguistic, and Cognitive-Linguistic Disturbances
Sensory Deficits
Non-neurologic Disturbances (musculoskeletal defects)
Non-neurologic and non-psychogenic voice disorders
Functional (psychogenic) and related non-organic speech disorders
Age related changes in speech
Gender
Variations in Style

Question 12

Other Neurologic Speech Disturbances

Answer 12

Deficits include, but may not be limited to, acquired neurogenic stuttering, palilalia, echolalia, foreign accent syndrome, aprosodia associated with right hemisphere dysfunction, and some
forms of mutism.

Question 13

Cognitive, Linguistic, and Cognitive-Linguistic Disturbances

Answer 13

Changes in verbal expression resulting from language and other cognitive deficits (e.g.,
aphasia, akinetic mutism, and other cognitive and affective disturbances that attenuate or
inhibit speech) are sometimes difficult to distinguish from MSDs. Often co-occur with MSDs

Question 14

Sensory Deficits

Answer 14

• Deafness acquired in adulthood can result in some degradation of speech.
• Tactile, kinesthetic, and proprioceptive sensations are also important to the development and maintenance of normal speech, and their malfunction.

Question 15

Musculoskeletal Defects

Answer 15

laryngectomy, cleft lip and palate, fractures, abnormal variants of cavity size and shape

Question 16

Non-neurologic and Non-psychogenic Voice Disorder

Answer 16

dysphonias associated with head or neck neoplasms, vocal abuse, or hormonal disturbances

Question 17

Functional (Psychogenic) and Related Non-organic Speech Disorders

Answer 17

schizophrenia, depression, conversion disorder

Question 18

Dysarthria is present in

Answer 18

• 25% of patients with small strokes,
• 90% of persons with Parkinson’s Disease
• 25% of people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Dysarthria is one of the first symptoms in about
• 50% of people with multiple sclerosis
• One-third of those with traumatic brain injury (TBI)
• 90% of individuals with cerebral palsy

Question 19

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Answer 19

Divided into:
* Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)
* Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial and spinal nerves)

Question 20

THE NEURON

Answer 20

Neurons - The function of neurons is to
transmit neural impulses from:
* one neuron to another
* from neuron to muscle
* from sensory receptors to other neural
structures (e.g. muscles, brain).
* Motor Neuron
* Sensory
* Internuncial

Question 21

Neuron Disorders

Answer 21

MS and ALS

Question 22

Glial Cells

Answer 22

Another type of cell found in the NS are glial cells which serve as supportive cells for neurons and form the blood brain barrier

Question 23

Oligodendroglia and Schwann Cells

Answer 23

Cells that form myelin in the CNS and PNS

Question 24

Astrocytes

Answer 24

Star-shaped cells that assist in neural migration

Question 25

Ependymal Cells

Answer 25

Cells that line the ventricular system

Question 26

Microglia

Answer 26

Cells that remove damaged tissue

Question 27

Connective Tissue

Answer 27

Tissue that makes up the meninges