Lecture one Flashcards
___________ knowledge and understanding that is believed to be true because it has been traditionally accepted.
tradition
No one has stopped to question the assumption that the ________ is right
tradition
__________ _________ is information or understanding from experiencing something firsthand
personal information
________ _________ understanding and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct or through personal insight
intuitive knowledge
_______ the application of thought and reasoning to come to a conclusion
logic
T/F a logical process doesn’t make the conclusion correct
true
_________ __________, careful, detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue
scientific research
scientific research uses the ________ ________
scientific method
in scientific research, one will _________ to answer the question
research
scientific research is a __________ stepped process used for investigating, acquiring or expanding understanding
logically
the finding of scientific research can be __________ and demonstrated to be consistent
reproduced
____________; initial building block for the scientific method
hypothesis
a hypothesis is an educated guess based on ________ __________ and ___________
prior knowledge and observation
a hypothesis is ________
testable
a ___________ hypothesis; a hunch or idea intended to explain justify or account for a phenomenon or action
general
a ___________ hypothesis is the framework for observations and facts
scientific
the way facts are interpreted in a scientific hypothesis are _________,__________ and ________
careful, rational and systematic
scientific ________ can be supported or rejected and improved or modified
theory
scientific _____ is a description of observed phenomena
law
scientific theory is ___________; used to develop inventions or find cures
predictive
scientific theory explains __________ gathered during scientific process
observations
scientific law; descriptions hold _____ every time it is tested
true
__________: knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through the scientific method and concerned with the physical world
science
Science: systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through _____________ and ___________
observations and experimentation
___________, any of the branches of natural or physical sciences
science
__________ ____________; either supports or disconfirms a scientific hypothesis or theory
scientific evidence
scientific evidence does not ________ or _________ a hypothesis or theory
prove or disprove
_________ is plural and diverse
evidence
___________ _________; anatomy, neurology, physiology, pathology, psychology, sociology
scientific knowledge
scientific evidence includes ________ ________
scientific laws
scientific evidence is underpinned by __________
philosophy
________ ________; the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself
critical thinking
critically thinking is the ___________ ________ process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and or evaluating ________ gathered from or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication
intellectually disciplined
information
critical thinking is a guide to _______ and _______
belief and action
________ _________; a mode of thinking applied to any scientific subject, content, or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of their thinking by imposing intellectual standards of critical thinking
scientific thinking
there are two major ways of obtaining data __________ and ________
measurement and observation
the __________ ________; a systematic and organized set of steps that require some type of measurement to analyze results related to theories of what we know about the world
scientific method
science contributes to our _________ knowledge
empirical
the scientific method provides the _________ ________ and research methods within which we are able to successfully describe, explain and predict the nature of the world
theoretical frameworks
________ __________; relies on or derived from observation or experiment, verifiable or provable by means of observations or experiment.
empirical knowledge
___________ __________, application of existing basic and clinical science to a new hypothesis to assess how likely an idea is to be true. Applies prior biological and medical knowledge and scientific laws.
biological plausibility
biological plausibility is broken into 3 broad categories, _________, __________/unknown and __________
known, neutral, implausable
____________ based practice; based on the principle that informed medical decision-making is achieved by integrating the best available evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
evidence (EBP)
___________ based practice, evaluates medical treatments, research and products of interest to the public in a scientific light in relation to prior scientific (biological) plausibility, known physical laws and logic
science
science-based practice considers EBP by itself is incomplete when it lacks consideration of ___________
plausibility
_________ effect in research AKA non-specific treatment effect (NSTE)
placebo
placebo group = control of ___________
expectations
when a participant does not know if they are receiving real or inert treatment this is __________ in research
placebo
placebo = __________ treatment
inert
____________ effects: psychological, suggestion conditioning, neurobiological - does not improve objective measurements but MAY improve subjective reports
contextual
objective measurements include ___________ rates, infection recovery rates, pulmonary function, _____
survival rates
ROM
subjective reports include __________, pain, feels easier to _______ or ________
nausea
easier to move or breathe
_____________ to the mean is a statistical phenomenon
regression to the mean (RTM)
__________ __________ in repeated data, looks like real change
natural variation
_____________ alternative medicine (CAM); a spectrum of beliefs and claims about health, disease and treatments that are enthusiastically advocated but scientifically unproven
complimentary
to be considered as medicine it has to be supported, tested or testable and most importantly __________
plausible
___________ is the attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas
skepticism
skeptics challenge claims ___________ or _________
adequacy or reliability
questioning the ________ truth of claims (skepticism)
alleged
challenged the purported rational ground of __________ ____________
accepted assumptions
scientific skepticism defines skepticism around the principles of scientific investigation or the ___________ method
scientific
specifically, scientific skepticism addresses ________ claims
testable
untestable claims are simply outside the realm of _________
science
ethics and autonomy relates to the ________, who has the capacity to think, decide and act on their own initiative
patient
ethics __________ is promoting what is best for the patient, general moral principal of doing good by others
beneficence
ethics _____ __________; do no harm
non- maleficence
Do the needs of few outweigh the needs of many? This is an example of ethics _________
justice
___________; the knowledge and justified belief and the creation and dissemination of knowledge
epistemology
__________; the science of being that deals with the nature of reality. The field is dedicated towards understanding whether things exist or do not exist
ontology
_________ a trust, faith or acceptance that a statement is true or a thing exists
belief
a personal choice to maintain a belief that has an __________ hypothesis is best labeled faith
untestable
____________; knowledge requires this in order to ensure that the known proposition is not just a lucky guess
justification
the concept of justification is used differently depending on if we are justifying an _________ or a ____________
an action or a belief
___________; where evidence consists of perceptual, introspective, memorial, and intuitional experiences
evidentialism
___________; justification occurs not from the possession of evidence but if the original cognitive processes
reliabilism
____________ and _________ are oppositional concepts used in science
rationalism and empiricism
___________, knowledge gained independently of sense experience
rationalism
___________; some propositions in a particular subject are knowable by intuition alone
induction
__________; conclusions derived from intuited premises through valid arguments- the conclusion must be true if the premise is true
deduction
_________ the ability to understand something immediately without the need for conscious reasoning
intuition
__________ the acquisition of knowledge through observation and experience
empiricism
with _________, science combines empiricism and rationalism into a cycle of progressive knowledge seeking to validate rationalist conclusions and assumptions through empirical methods of observation and experience
research
