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T4 Research > Lecture one > Flashcards

Lecture one Flashcards

1
Q

___________ knowledge and understanding that is believed to be true because it has been traditionally accepted.

A

tradition

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2
Q

No one has stopped to question the assumption that the ________ is right

A

tradition

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3
Q

__________ _________ is information or understanding from experiencing something firsthand

A

personal information

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4
Q

________ _________ understanding and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct or through personal insight

A

intuitive knowledge

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5
Q

_______ the application of thought and reasoning to come to a conclusion

A

logic

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6
Q

T/F a logical process doesn’t make the conclusion correct

A

true

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7
Q

_________ __________, careful, detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue

A

scientific research

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8
Q

scientific research uses the ________ ________

A

scientific method

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9
Q

in scientific research, one will _________ to answer the question

A

research

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10
Q

scientific research is a __________ stepped process used for investigating, acquiring or expanding understanding

A

logically

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11
Q

the finding of scientific research can be __________ and demonstrated to be consistent

A

reproduced

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12
Q

____________; initial building block for the scientific method

A

hypothesis

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13
Q

a hypothesis is an educated guess based on ________ __________ and ___________

A

prior knowledge and observation

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14
Q

a hypothesis is ________

A

testable

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15
Q

a ___________ hypothesis; a hunch or idea intended to explain justify or account for a phenomenon or action

A

general

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16
Q

a ___________ hypothesis is the framework for observations and facts

A

scientific

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17
Q

the way facts are interpreted in a scientific hypothesis are _________,__________ and ________

A

careful, rational and systematic

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18
Q

scientific ________ can be supported or rejected and improved or modified

A

theory

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19
Q

scientific _____ is a description of observed phenomena

A

law

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20
Q

scientific theory is ___________; used to develop inventions or find cures

A

predictive

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21
Q

scientific theory explains __________ gathered during scientific process

A

observations

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22
Q

scientific law; descriptions hold _____ every time it is tested

A

true

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23
Q

__________: knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through the scientific method and concerned with the physical world

A

science

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24
Q

Science: systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through _____________ and ___________

A

observations and experimentation

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25
Q

___________, any of the branches of natural or physical sciences

A

science

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26
Q

__________ ____________; either supports or disconfirms a scientific hypothesis or theory

A

scientific evidence

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27
Q

scientific evidence does not ________ or _________ a hypothesis or theory

A

prove or disprove

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28
Q

_________ is plural and diverse

A

evidence

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29
Q

___________ _________; anatomy, neurology, physiology, pathology, psychology, sociology

A

scientific knowledge

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30
Q

scientific evidence includes ________ ________

A

scientific laws

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31
Q

scientific evidence is underpinned by __________

A

philosophy

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32
Q

________ ________; the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself

A

critical thinking

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33
Q

critically thinking is the ___________ ________ process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and or evaluating ________ gathered from or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication

A

intellectually disciplined
information

34
Q

critical thinking is a guide to _______ and _______

A

belief and action

35
Q

________ _________; a mode of thinking applied to any scientific subject, content, or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of their thinking by imposing intellectual standards of critical thinking

A

scientific thinking

36
Q

there are two major ways of obtaining data __________ and ________

A

measurement and observation

37
Q

the __________ ________; a systematic and organized set of steps that require some type of measurement to analyze results related to theories of what we know about the world

A

scientific method

38
Q

science contributes to our _________ knowledge

A

empirical

39
Q

the scientific method provides the _________ ________ and research methods within which we are able to successfully describe, explain and predict the nature of the world

A

theoretical frameworks

40
Q

________ __________; relies on or derived from observation or experiment, verifiable or provable by means of observations or experiment.

A

empirical knowledge

41
Q

___________ __________, application of existing basic and clinical science to a new hypothesis to assess how likely an idea is to be true. Applies prior biological and medical knowledge and scientific laws.

A

biological plausibility

42
Q

biological plausibility is broken into 3 broad categories, _________, __________/unknown and __________

A

known, neutral, implausable

43
Q

____________ based practice; based on the principle that informed medical decision-making is achieved by integrating the best available evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

A

evidence (EBP)

44
Q

___________ based practice, evaluates medical treatments, research and products of interest to the public in a scientific light in relation to prior scientific (biological) plausibility, known physical laws and logic

A

science

45
Q

science-based practice considers EBP by itself is incomplete when it lacks consideration of ___________

A

plausibility

46
Q

_________ effect in research AKA non-specific treatment effect (NSTE)

A

placebo

47
Q

placebo group = control of ___________

A

expectations

48
Q

when a participant does not know if they are receiving real or inert treatment this is __________ in research

A

placebo

49
Q

placebo = __________ treatment

A

inert

50
Q

____________ effects: psychological, suggestion conditioning, neurobiological - does not improve objective measurements but MAY improve subjective reports

A

contextual

51
Q

objective measurements include ___________ rates, infection recovery rates, pulmonary function, _____

A

survival rates
ROM

52
Q

subjective reports include __________, pain, feels easier to _______ or ________

A

nausea
easier to move or breathe

53
Q

_____________ to the mean is a statistical phenomenon

A

regression to the mean (RTM)

54
Q

__________ __________ in repeated data, looks like real change

A

natural variation

55
Q

_____________ alternative medicine (CAM); a spectrum of beliefs and claims about health, disease and treatments that are enthusiastically advocated but scientifically unproven

A

complimentary

56
Q

to be considered as medicine it has to be supported, tested or testable and most importantly __________

A

plausible

57
Q

___________ is the attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas

A

skepticism

58
Q

skeptics challenge claims ___________ or _________

A

adequacy or reliability

59
Q

questioning the ________ truth of claims (skepticism)

A

alleged

60
Q

challenged the purported rational ground of __________ ____________

A

accepted assumptions

61
Q

scientific skepticism defines skepticism around the principles of scientific investigation or the ___________ method

A

scientific

62
Q

specifically, scientific skepticism addresses ________ claims

A

testable

63
Q

untestable claims are simply outside the realm of _________

A

science

64
Q

ethics and autonomy relates to the ________, who has the capacity to think, decide and act on their own initiative

A

patient

65
Q

ethics __________ is promoting what is best for the patient, general moral principal of doing good by others

A

beneficence

66
Q

ethics _____ __________; do no harm

A

non- maleficence

67
Q

Do the needs of few outweigh the needs of many? This is an example of ethics _________

A

justice

68
Q

___________; the knowledge and justified belief and the creation and dissemination of knowledge

A

epistemology

69
Q

__________; the science of being that deals with the nature of reality. The field is dedicated towards understanding whether things exist or do not exist

A

ontology

70
Q

_________ a trust, faith or acceptance that a statement is true or a thing exists

A

belief

71
Q

a personal choice to maintain a belief that has an __________ hypothesis is best labeled faith

A

untestable

72
Q

____________; knowledge requires this in order to ensure that the known proposition is not just a lucky guess

A

justification

73
Q

the concept of justification is used differently depending on if we are justifying an _________ or a ____________

A

an action or a belief

74
Q

___________; where evidence consists of perceptual, introspective, memorial, and intuitional experiences

A

evidentialism

75
Q

___________; justification occurs not from the possession of evidence but if the original cognitive processes

A

reliabilism

76
Q

____________ and _________ are oppositional concepts used in science

A

rationalism and empiricism

77
Q

___________, knowledge gained independently of sense experience

A

rationalism

78
Q

___________; some propositions in a particular subject are knowable by intuition alone

A

induction

79
Q

__________; conclusions derived from intuited premises through valid arguments- the conclusion must be true if the premise is true

A

deduction

80
Q

_________ the ability to understand something immediately without the need for conscious reasoning

A

intuition

81
Q

__________ the acquisition of knowledge through observation and experience

A

empiricism

82
Q

with _________, science combines empiricism and rationalism into a cycle of progressive knowledge seeking to validate rationalist conclusions and assumptions through empirical methods of observation and experience

A

research

T4 Research (1 decks)

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