Lecture One

Question 1

Method of Tenacity
- 3

Answer 1

• holding to beliefs and ideas
• habits and superstition
• belief perseverance

Question 2

Method of Intuition
- 4

Answer 2

• gut feeling
• because it feels right
• moral decision often solve by intuition
• influence from subtle cues we perceive subconciously

Question 3

Method of authority
- 2

Answer 3

• acquired from consulting authorities
• expert, library, internet

Question 4

Limitation of method of authority
- 2

Answer 4

• assumed generalizability of expertise
• criteria for defining an expert

Question 5

What category is the method of faith?
- 1

Answer 5

The Method of authority

Question 6

What is the method of faith
- 2

Answer 6

• unquestioning trust in an figure authority
• accept info without doubt or challenge

Question 7

How do you dress some specific concern of the method of authority
- 4

Answer 7

• evaluate the source and their expertise
• discern objective facts from subjectives opinions
• think critically about the info itself (if consistent with science shown)
• when in doubt, seek more opinions

Question 8

Pitfalls of nonscientific methods (tenacity, intuition, authority)
- 5

Answer 8

• knowledge may not be accurate
• bias present
• contradicting information
• no way of correcting errors (ie; accepted belies are hard to change)
• info may be accepted without challenge or attempt to verify

Question 9

Method of rationalism
- 3

Answer 9

• seek answer by logical reasoning
• premise statements logically combined to yield particular conclusions
• don’t involve direct observations or gathering informations

Question 10

Improvement of the Method of rationalism over other nonscientific methods
- 3

Answer 10

• answer are not accepted without verifications
• conclusion must confirm to rule of logic
• arguments have to make sense before the conclusion is accepted

Question 11

Limitation of the Method of rationalism
- 2

Answer 11

• the conclusion if founded on the premise statements (flawed premise -> confidence in conclusion decrease)
• navigating logical reasoning can be challenging

Question 12

Method of empiricism
- 2

Answer 12

• based on observations or direct sensory experience
• data is collected

Question 13

What the difference between the scientific method of empiricism and the nonscientific method of empiricism
- 2

Answer 13

• scientific has planned and systematic application
• nonscientific has casual and unplanned application

Question 14

Improvement of the method of empiricism over the other method
- 2

Answer 14

• evidence required by observation or data = maybe stronger argument
• can make multiple observation to reinforce

Question 15

Limitation of the method of empiricism
- 2

Answer 15

• susceptive to bias, misperception, misinterpration, and misunderstanding
• time consuming

Question 16

What’s the first step of the scientific method

Answer 16

observe behaviour or other phenomena

Question 17

What’s the second step of the scientific method

Answer 17

form a tentative answer or explanations (hypothesis)

Question 18

What’s the third step of the scientific method

Answer 18

use hypothesis to generate a testable prediction

Question 19

What’s the fourth step of the scientific method

Answer 19

evaluate prediction via systematic and planned observations

Question 20

What’s the fifth step of the scientific method

Answer 20

use observations to support, refute or refine original hypothesis

Question 21

How do you go from step one to step two in the scientific method

Answer 21

generalization beyond a single observation (inductive reasoning > small set of observation to form a general statement about a larger set of possible observation)

Question 22

What’s a variable

Answer 22

characteristics that changes and has different values for different individuals

Question 23

What’s an hypothesis

Answer 23

statement describing and explaining the relation between variables

Question 24

How do you go from step two to step three in the scientific method
- 2

Answer 24

• identify the variable link to observations
• use identified variable and the observations to form an hypothesis

Question 25

How do you go from step three to step four in the scientific method
and explain deductive reasoning
- 3

Answer 25

• apply logic (rational method) to generate testable prediction
• generating prediction = deductive reasoning
  (deductive reasoning uses a general statement as basis for reaching conclusions about specific)

Question 26

How do you go from step four to step five in the scientific method

Answer 26

• evaluate specific prediction using the direct observations (empirical method)

Question 27

What are the other elements of scientific method

Answer 27

empirical, public, objective