Lecture One Flashcards
Method of Tenacity
- 3
- holding to beliefs and ideas
- habits and superstition
- belief perseverance
Method of Intuition
- 4
- gut feeling
- because it feels right
- moral decision often solve by intuition
- influence from subtle cues we perceive subconciously
Method of authority
- 2
- acquired from consulting authorities
- expert, library, internet
Limitation of method of authority
- 2
- assumed generalizability of expertise
- criteria for defining an expert
What category is the method of faith?
- 1
The Method of authority
What is the method of faith
- 2
- unquestioning trust in an figure authority
- accept info without doubt or challenge
How do you dress some specific concern of the method of authority
- 4
- evaluate the source and their expertise
- discern objective facts from subjectives opinions
- think critically about the info itself (if consistent with science shown)
- when in doubt, seek more opinions
Pitfalls of nonscientific methods (tenacity, intuition, authority)
- 5
- knowledge may not be accurate
- bias present
- contradicting information
- no way of correcting errors (ie; accepted belies are hard to change)
- info may be accepted without challenge or attempt to verify
Method of rationalism
- 3
- seek answer by logical reasoning
- premise statements logically combined to yield particular conclusions
- don’t involve direct observations or gathering informations
Improvement of the Method of rationalism over other nonscientific methods
- 3
- answer are not accepted without verifications
- conclusion must confirm to rule of logic
- arguments have to make sense before the conclusion is accepted
Limitation of the Method of rationalism
- 2
- the conclusion if founded on the premise statements (flawed premise -> confidence in conclusion decrease)
- navigating logical reasoning can be challenging
Method of empiricism
- 2
- based on observations or direct sensory experience
- data is collected
What the difference between the scientific method of empiricism and the nonscientific method of empiricism
- 2
- scientific has planned and systematic application
- nonscientific has casual and unplanned application
Improvement of the method of empiricism over the other method
- 2
- evidence required by observation or data = maybe stronger argument
- can make multiple observation to reinforce
Limitation of the method of empiricism
- 2
- susceptive to bias, misperception, misinterpration, and misunderstanding
- time consuming
What’s the first step of the scientific method
observe behaviour or other phenomena
What’s the second step of the scientific method
form a tentative answer or explanations (hypothesis)
What’s the third step of the scientific method
use hypothesis to generate a testable prediction
What’s the fourth step of the scientific method
evaluate prediction via systematic and planned observations
What’s the fifth step of the scientific method
use observations to support, refute or refine original hypothesis
How do you go from step one to step two in the scientific method
generalization beyond a single observation (inductive reasoning > small set of observation to form a general statement about a larger set of possible observation)
What’s a variable
characteristics that changes and has different values for different individuals
What’s an hypothesis
statement describing and explaining the relation between variables
How do you go from step two to step three in the scientific method
- 2
- identify the variable link to observations
- use identified variable and the observations to form an hypothesis
How do you go from step three to step four in the scientific method
and explain deductive reasoning
- 3
- apply logic (rational method) to generate testable prediction
- generating prediction = deductive reasoning
(deductive reasoning uses a general statement as basis for reaching conclusions about specific)
How do you go from step four to step five in the scientific method
- evaluate specific prediction using the direct observations (empirical method)
What are the other elements of scientific method
empirical, public, objective
