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Lecture-on-Politics (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does power refer to?

A

The ability or the right to do something; the ability to exercise authority over others.

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2
Q

What is the origin of the word ‘power’?

A

It comes from the Latin verb potere meaning ‘to be able’.

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3
Q

What are the two types of power defined in the text?

A

Implicit power and manifest power.

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4
Q

How is implicit power characterized?

A

A wants B to do something, and B does it simply because he or she realizes A wants it done.

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5
Q

How is manifest power characterized?

A

It is directly observable; A acts in an evident way to make B do what A wants.

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6
Q

What is the definition of power?

A

The ability to cause others to do what one desires, using means ranging from influence to coercion.

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7
Q

What is expert power based on?

A

The perception that the leader possesses some special knowledge or expertise.

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8
Q

What is referent power based on?

A

The follower’s liking, admiring, or identifying with the leader.

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9
Q

What is reward power based on?

A

The leader’s capacity to mediate rewards for the follower.

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10
Q

What is legitimate power based on?

A

The follower’s perception that the leader has the legitimate right or authority to exercise influence.

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11
Q

What is coercive power based on?

A

The follower’s fear that non-compliance with the leader’s wishes will lead to punishment.

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12
Q

List sources of power.

A
  • Authority
  • Human Resources
  • Skills and Knowledge
  • Intangible Factors
  • Material Resources
  • Sanctions
  • Legitimacy
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13
Q

What is political ideology?

A

A set of pre-determined beliefs that a group of people or political party adheres to.

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14
Q

Who first used the term ideology?

A

French Aristocrat and philosopher Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de Tracy.

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15
Q

What is conservatism?

A

A political ideology that prioritizes tradition.

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16
Q

What is socialism?

A

A political ideology advocating for collective ownership and control of resources.

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17
Q

What characterizes fascism?

A

Authoritarianism, nationalism, and suppression of dissent.

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18
Q

What is Marxism based on?

A

The theories of Karl Marx, advocating for the abolition of private property and class struggle.

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19
Q

What does political science encompass?

A

The systematic study of the state and its government.

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20
Q

Who is known as the ‘Father of Political Science’?

A

Aristotle.

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21
Q

What are the three stages of political science development?

A
  • Religious Stage
  • Metaphysical Stage
  • Modern Stage
22
Q

What is the objective of studying political science?

A

To define political science and politics, understand key concepts, and internalize its importance.

23
Q

What characterizes the religious stage of political science?

A

The belief that government and its leaders were considered divine or divinely inspired.

24
Q

What characterizes the metaphysical stage of political science?

A

The state was considered a human institution but almost worshipped as a perfect institution.

25
What is the importance of studying political science?
* Understanding rights and duties * Knowing government structure * Broadening cultural background * Providing background for various professions
26
What is the traditional/historical approach in political science?
A focus on legal/formal descriptions of government using history and development of government structures.
27
What does the scientific/behavioral approach focus on?
How individuals behave within political institutions and how behavior influences policy-making.
28
What is the systems approach in political science?
A model depicting the interaction between societal environment and political system to produce stability.
29
What is the structural-functional approach?
It specifies the activities of a viable political system and explains how these functions maintain political stability.
30
What does the political economy approach focus on?
The relationship between government and economics, highlighting regulation, support, or intervention.
31
How is political science related to history?
Political science uses historical data to explain the nature of the state, and both fields are mutually contributory.
32
How is political science related to economics?
Political action is affected by economic factors; economic policies often require state action for fulfillment.
33
What is the relationship between political stability and economy?
Political stability of a state depends upon its economy.
34
How does economics affect the organization and activities of the state?
Economics provides informational data that significantly affect the organization, development, and activities of the state.
35
What can a state enact based on economic data?
The state may enact laws that would modify or improve economic conditions.
36
How has psychology contributed to the field of political science?
Psychology has rendered invaluable aid to the government in the management of state affairs.
37
In what areas have psychologists been employed within the legal system?
Psychologists have been employed in courts in the trial of criminal cases, examination and diagnosis of criminals, and classification of the feeble-minded for treatment.
38
What does political science study in relation to sociology?
Political science is a specialized social science dealing with man as a political animal, while sociology deals with the social aggregate.
39
What does sociology attempt to explain regarding political behavior?
Sociology attempts to explain how and why man became a political animal and how his political life is affected by membership in other forms of association.
40
How does anthropology contribute to political science?
Anthropology contributes valuable material to the study of political science by providing data on ideas, customs, and organizations of primitive man.
41
What is the role of philosophy and ethics in political science?
Concepts and doctrines about the state are important for framing constitutions and laws, and ethics is considered in proposed changes in special legislations.
42
What are some fundamental concerns of political scientists and geographers?
Strategic frontiers, population pressure, colonial expression, sphere of influence, and source of raw materials.
43
What is the relationship between political science and law?
Political scientists must combine legal with extra-legal viewpoints as law and state are inseparable.
44
What is necessary for political theories according to political science?
Political theories must possess a broad scientific background and knowledge of current political problems.
45
What does the concept of governance involve?
A leader exercising political power for the benefit of their subjects, defining decision-making power, participant participation, and financial management.
46
What are the characteristics of good governance?
* Participation * Rule of Law * Transparency * Responsiveness * Consensus Orientation * Equity and Inclusiveness * Effectiveness and Efficiency * Accountability
47
What is the origin of the word 'politics'?
The Latin word 'Politicus' comes from Greek 'politikos', pertaining to the state and public life.
48
How does Aristotle define politics?
Politics is the study of the affairs of the city-state (polis) and involves acquiring and exercising power with respect for responsibility.
49
How does Bernard Crick define politics?
Politics is a struggle for power among groups aiming to control the state by conciliating differing interests.
50
What does Michael Sodaro describe politics as?
The process by which communities pursue collective goals and deal with their conflicts authoritatively by means of government.
51
What is Harold Lasswell's characterization of politics?
Politics is the art of deciding who gets what, when, and how.
52
How did Aristotle view the art of good government?
He termed the art of good government as politics, emphasizing the pursuit of the greater good.

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