Lecture Notes Week 5 Flashcards
Name the three protoliberals…or as Cam calls them, the jedi masters of liberal thought.
John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith
Who fled to the Netherlands when implicated in a plot to kill the Catholic King James II?
John Locke
Locke’s vision of a state of nature said that to understand political power, we must consider the state of ______ of acting and disposing of their own possessions and persons as they think fit within the bounds of the _____. People in this state _________ to act or depend on the will of others to arrange matters on their behalf.
- perfect freedom
- law of nature
- do not have to ask permssion
Locke’s vision of a state of nature also said it is one of ______ in which all power and jurisdiction is _____ and no one has more than another. All human beings are born _____ with all the same ________. No one has power over another because all are _____.
- equality
- reciprocal
- indiscriminately
- natural advantages and faculties
- equal
“We are all born free and equal” is a base concept of
liberalism
Locke said that we leave the state of nature because though we have the right of absolute freedom, the _____ of it is very _____. It is constantly exposed to the ______ of others. The enjoyment of the property man has in this state is very _______
- enjoyment
- uncertain
- invasion
- unsafe and unsecure
Locke’s social contract is based on _____. Men join in society for the mutual preservation of their ____, _____ and ______.
- reason
- lives
- liberties
- property
Locke says we keep the state from becoming too powerful by employing a _______ of powers. This checks and balances _________ so that none becomes too powerful.
- separation
- every branch
Who believed that some law exists in the state of nature as reason teaches us not to harm one another?
Locke
Locke saw need for a _______ government.
limited
Who’s theory supports revolution?
Locke
Locke said we have a natural right to _____ as long as it is the result of our _____. However, we must not take more than we can _____.
- property
- labour
- use
Which protoliberal took liberalism into the economic sphere?
Adam Smith
Adam Smith believed in the need for a ____ market. He believed that _____ should not be running the government
- free
- businessmen
Who said, “man was born free but is everywhere in chains”?
Rousseau
Who saw the state of nature as a place with beautiful beaches, lots of sex and not as much selfishness as other theorists?
Rousseau
Rousseau believed in ______ societies with _____ democracy.
- small
- direct
According to Rousseau’s social contract, each of us places his person and _____ under the supreme direction of the _______, and the group receives each individual as an indivisible ________. We are _____ to be free.
- authority
- general will
- part of the whole
- forced
Who said that there was no such thing as a state of nature or a social contract, and that all we possess is an inheritance of our forefathers?
Burke
“All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” was said by
Burke
Why is Burke considered the father of classical conservatism?
He argued to conserve the past (protecting tradition)
What were Burke’s major problems with classical liberal ideology?
- based on fallacy of “state of nature”
- found liberals arrogant and dismissive of tradition
Who bought the Scottish factory town of New Lanark in 1800?
Robert Owen
What were some of Owen’s policy changes to factories? What happened to production as a result?
- phased out child labour
- introduced schools
- shortened work days
- improved working conditions
- made the village store a co-op
- production went up
Owen moved to the US in 1825 to try his methods there, but they were unsuccessful. However, he implemented the US’s first…
- kindergarten
- free public school
- free library
- school with equal education for boys and girls
Ideologically, Robert Owen is considered a _____.
Utopian Socialist
Who said “8 hours daily labour is enough for any human being,” and that “every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep”?
Owen
The 19th Century saw the rise of Reform Liberals such as
Green, Hobhouse, Hobson
Reform liberals have a sense that the accumulation of ______ allows for unfair ______. So, there is a need for equaling the ________ so the end result would be more _____ and society would ______.
- capital
- advantages
- starting point
- fair
- benefit
Reform liberals say that freedom and equality must be provided by the state providing __________, health care, ______, unemployment insurance and _____ laws.
- social programs
- education
- labour
Instead of revolting, this ideology believes in using the existing political structure to achieve the goals of the working class and counteract the inequality of capitalism by electing representatives who will pass laws in the interest of workers.
What is social democracy?
Social democrats aim to ______ the system through _____ taxation, nationalizing ________, etc. A Canadian federal party that exemplifies this is _______.
- regulate
- progressive
- key industries
- NDP
Society is made of similar people, so we should share more so our end result is relatively similar. It is our right to have relatively similar outcomes.
Which ideology claims this?
Social Democracy
What are some ways capitalists might try to reduce labour costs?
- pay workers lower wages
- outlaw unions
- keep working hours long
- no age limit for workers
- buy machines to replace workers
Why are high unemployment rates good for capitalists such as factory owners?
People will be willing to work for less.
Marx opposed liberalism (reform + classical) and democracy because of the ______ system it creates.
capitalist
Marx thought we had the right to anything we put _____ into, until capitalism came along. With capitalist factory work, workers become _____, separated from their _____ and all those around them.
- labour
- alienated
- creativity
Marx’s three steps to communism:
- Workers _______ factory
- Re-educate or ______ factory owner
- Final stages, where there is no need for ______ or _______ because people will want to create
- overthrow
- kill
- government
- protection
In Marxist terms, _________ is about who owns means of production and who doesn’t: ie. bourgeoisie and proletariat.
class struggle
Marx saw nothing wrong with capitalism’s ability to create ______, the issue was the commodification of ______ and the fact that smaller and smaller groups held the most ______.
- goods
- labour
- capital
Lenin saw need for a global revolution. His concept of the Vanguard meant that….
Russia would achieve communism, then encourage the proletariat of the world to rise up and the system would spread.
Manifestations of Marxism include
- Leninism
- Mao
- Kim Il Song, Ho Chi Min, etc
Why did Russia, etc become oppressive state regimes in their conversion to communism? (2 arguments)
1) they veered of Marx’s course
OR
2) it was in Marx’s values all along as the ends justify the means
