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U of M Biology 1020 > Lecture notes Dr Scott Summer session > Flashcards

Lecture notes Dr Scott Summer session Flashcards

Lecture notes from Dr. Scotts Summer session biology 1020 class

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1
Q

While in interphase how does DNA exist?

A

As chromatin

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2
Q

1 chromosome equals how many DNA?

A

1 piece of DNA just physically attached

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3
Q

After replication but before division a chromosome has what kind of chromatids?

A

2 sister chromatid (when they separate they are chromosomes)

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4
Q

cell division in prokaryotes is called

A

binary fission (two daughter cells identical to mother)

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5
Q

cell division in eukaryotes is called

A

Mitosis (two daughter cells identical to mother)

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6
Q

Does meiosis occur in prokaryotes?

A

No! Only eukaroyote (but not all)

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7
Q

90-95% of the cell life is spent where?

A

In interphase- the cell is working and doing it’s job

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8
Q

3 main parts of interphase

A

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

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9
Q

the cell is doing more than it is regular duties, growing and working which phase of interphase is this?

A

G1 phase

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10
Q

The cell starts to copy DNA, going from single stranded chomatin to the double stranded form. Which phase of interphase is this?

A

S phase

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11
Q

The cell is getting ready for division, making sure all organelles expanded enough. After this phase the cell will be ready to divide and enter Mitosis.

A

G2 phase

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12
Q

DNA is condensed into chromosomes. The centrosomes move and devide by pushing eachother with microtubes to the opposite poles of the cell. Creating fingers that reach out across the creating a spindle
Which phase in mitosis

A

Prophase

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13
Q

Which phase in mitosis- the nucleur envelope needs to be broke down, the spindles attach to the chromosomes at the centermere and have a pushing battle

A

Prometaphase

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14
Q

which phase of mitosis pushes the chromosomes to the middle of the cells equater. the cells line up

A

metaphase

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15
Q

the centermeres split the sister chromatids going from one double stranded chromosome to 2 single stranded chromosomes. The spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromatides apart creating a “V” shaped. Each pole has one copy of genome

A

Anaphase

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16
Q

Final stage of mitosis where there are two nuclear envelopes reforming creating to nuclei. Chromosomes disperse and spindles go away

A

Telophase

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17
Q

The division of the cytoplasm to make two cells

A

Cytokinesis

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18
Q

Membranes pulling in and creating two daughter cells

A

Cleavage furros

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19
Q

How do plants separate cells?

A

work from the inside and build a cell wall until it gets bigger and separates into two daughter cells.

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20
Q

the three check points (stops) to control cell cycle are located at

A

G1, M, and G2

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21
Q

G1 check point (stop) is located? and what is required to continue to the next level

A

at the end of the G1 point to enter s phase.

must have enough nutrients and be large enough and DNA must be good.

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22
Q

Where do cells go if they are stopped at the G1 Check and do not qualify to continue?

A

G0-for cells to never divide like nureons and skin cells

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23
Q

G2 check point

A

makes sure replication was successful and complete. Finds big errors

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24
Q

Metaphase check point

A

cell will not progess until all the chromosomes have lined up with two spindles attached to them.

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25
Q

Cell elongates and pinches off in the center creating two identical daughter cells is cell division in bacteria… which is..

A

Binary Fission

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26
Q

Why do cells divide?

A

For reproduction, growth and to repair

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27
Q

what are the pros to asexual reproduction?

A

fast, energy saving, passing 100% of your genes to your offspring

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28
Q

What are the cons to asexual reproduction

A

no genetic diversity the population is all the same

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29
Q

Recombination is

A

the exchange of information between the chromosomes can create new variations on the genetic gene

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30
Q

multi cell stage adult (2n) with in gonads there will be a sex cell that undergoes meiosis to form gamets (haploids) eggs and sperms (1n) the union of an egg and sperm by fertilazation makes a zygote (2n). what life cycle is this? Animals, fungi or plants?

A

Animals (diplonic life cycle)

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31
Q

multicellular organisms that are haploid. positive and negative gamete are produced by mitosis. when fertilized the two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. immediatly dividing by meiosis to produce haploid structures called spores

A

Fungi life cycle

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32
Q

what is the only way that a haploid cell can divide?

A

through mitosis

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33
Q

Through meiosis in fungi do they produce gametes or spores?

A

spores

34
Q

Meiosis only occur in animal life cycle True or Falso

A

False it is important in all 3 life cycles

35
Q

what is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

2 rounds of cells that follow DNA replication

36
Q

1 mother cell making twoidentical daughter cells

A

mitosis

37
Q

1 mother cell making two daughter cells then they make 4 daughter cells

A

meiosis

38
Q

Meiosis only occurs in what kind of cells?

Diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

39
Q

when can crossing over occur?

A

prophase 1

40
Q

What is crossing over?

A

exchange between non sister chromatids

41
Q

what are two things that happen in meiosis that does not occur in mitosis?

A

Homogulous chromosomes and crossing over

42
Q

anaphase 2 what separates?

A

homologues separate NOT chromatides

43
Q

Mitosis–>DNA replication before mitosis–>mitosis occurs in all cells of the boyd–>mitosis ploidy diploid no reduction in chromosome numbers–>number of cell division, once cell division RESULTING IN HOW MANY DAUGHTER CELLS?

A

2 identical daughter cells

44
Q

Meiosis–>DNA replication before Meiosis 1 only–>mitosis only occurs in the sex cells –>starting with diploid sex cells resulting in HOW MANY DAUGHTER CELLS?

A

4 unique gamates

45
Q

Mitosis occurs where? in plant and fungi?

A

Sporangium where spores are reproduced

46
Q

independant assortment

A

how the tetrads land on the metapase 1 plate (random)

47
Q

biggest source of variation is?

A

Crossing over (the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatides.

48
Q

random fertilization

A

1 in 18 million possibilities

49
Q

3 genetic variation sources

A

independant assortment
crossing over
random fertilization

50
Q

what phase does crossing over occur in?

A

Prophase 1

51
Q

In prophase 1 the exchanging of DNA between non sister cromatids is called

A

Crossing over

52
Q 
2 homogolous=4 different gametes 
Humans is 2 to the exponent 23 (chromosomes of gametes) is what kind of genetic variation?
independant
crossing over
random fertiliazation
A

Independant assortment

53
Q

a genetic variation where every sperm is 1 in 8 mil and the egg it randomly fertilizes is 1 in 8 mil creating a 1 in 64 million chance is what?

A

Random fertilization

54
Q

What phase of meiosis does abnromal seperation of chromatid sisters occur in?

A

Anaphas 1 or 2

55
Q

What is the abnormal seperation of chromatid sisters called?

A

Non disjunction

56
Q

abnormal cell with 3 chromosome is called

A

N+1 because it has an extra chromosome

57
Q

abnormal cell with 1 chromosome is called

A

N-1 because it is missing a chromosome

58
Q

3 copies of one chromosome (n+1) is also called

A

Trisomy

59
Q

Trisomy 21 is

A

Down syndrome- increase with mothers age- non-disjunction with eggs

60
Q

Organism characteristic

A

Trait (flower color, position etc)

61
Q

Specific characteristic

A

Phenotype (purple and white flowers)

62
Q

DNA that encode for a protein

A

Gene (enzyme that makes the purple pigment)

63
Q

has been altered and changed encodes for a protein

A

Mutant gene (faulty enzyme that does not produce pigment)

64
Q

alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.

A

Alleles

65
Q

3/4 purple and 1/4 white (3:1 ratio) on a monohybride cross is what kind of ratio

A

Phenotypic ratio (dominant versus recessive)

66
Q

1 allele from each parent 50%
1 is homozygote recessive 2 are heterzygote and 1 is homozygote dominant is what kind of ratio?
1:2:1
Genotypic or phenotypic?

A

Genotypic

67
Q

what kind of cross is taking the unknown and crossing it with a homozygous recessive to find out its genotype?

A

Test Cross

68
Q

In a test cross if all the offspring are of the dominate phenotype (purple) the unknown parent was____ but if there was a 50/50 split then the parent is_____

A

Homozygous, heterzygous

69
Q

Genes on separate chromosomes do not assort dependently they assort_______

A

independently

70
Q

9:3:3:1 ratio is a phenotypical ratio of what kind of cross?

A

Dihybrid cross

71
Q

1:1 ratio

A

Test cross when the unknown is a heterzygote

72
Q

Recessive allele is not completely hidden

A

Incomplete dominance

73
Q

1:2:1 ratio

A

incomplete dominance

74
Q

the sequence of steps in the Mphase of the cell cycle is_____

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

75
Q

proteins that involved in regulation of the cell cycle and show fluctiations in concentration during the cell cycle are called

A

cyclins

76
Q

________ and multiple alleles are illustrated of the ABO blood group in humans

A

Co-dominance

77
Q

TRUE OR FALSE in metaphase 2 of meiosis the cell is halpoid and the chromosomes are double stranded

A

TRUE

78
Q

In a cell the process of assembling a specific protein using the sequence of bases in mRNA is known as_______.

A

Translation

79
Q

In eukaryotic cells DNA replication occurs_____>

A

during the S phase of the cell cycle

80
Q

what are directly involved in translation?

A

mRNA
tRNA
large ribosome subunit
small ribosome subunit

81
Q

in a cell the actual assembly of the correct number of amino acids in the correct sequence in a polypeptide chain is referred to as___

A

translation

U of M Biology 1020 (2 decks)

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