Lecture Notes: Chapter 1 Flashcards
- Form and Function of A & P + Basics -
What are the subdivisions of anatomy?
- Gross/ Macroscopic anatomy
- Regional anatomy
- System anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy (cytology + histology)
- Developmental anatomy
Definition of Physiology:
The study of how the body and its parts work and function
Definition of Anatomy:
The study of the structure and parts of the body
True or False: The human body is organized from whole organism level to smallest chemical level?
False.
- The human body is organized from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level
What’s the level order of the organization of the human body?
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ System level
Organismal level
Homeostasis A.K.A?
Balance
Maintenance of life involves?
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
True or False: Humans are multicellular to function individual cells must be kept alive
True
How many organ systems are there?
11 organ systems
What is the goal of all 11 organ systems?
To maintain life
What is the Integumentary system consisted of?
Hair, Skin, and Nails
What does the Integumentary system do?
Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss
What is the Skeletal system consisted of?
Bones and Joints
What does the Skeletal system do?
Supports the body, protects organs, and produces blood cells
What is the Muscular system consisted of?
Skeletal muscles
What does the Muscular system do?
Allows movement and maintains posture
What is the Nervous system consisted of?
Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves
What does the Nervous system do?
Controls body activities and responds to changes
What is the Endocrine system consisted of?
Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Testis, Ovary
What does the Endocrine system do?
Regulates hormones and body processes
What is the Cardiovascular system consisted of?
Heart, Blood vessels
What does the Cardiovascular system do?
Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients
What is the Lymphatic system/ Immunity consisted of?
Redbone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Thoracic duct, Spleen, Lymph nodes
What does the Lymphatic system/ Immunity do?
Defends against infection and maintains fluid balance
What is the Respiratory system consisted of?
Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Lung
What does the Respiratory system do?
Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
What is the Digestive system consisted of?
Oral cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus
What does the Digestive system do?
Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
What is the Urinary system consisted of?
Kidney, Urinary bladder, Urethra, Ureter
What does the Urinary system do?
Removes waste and regulates water and electrolytes
What is the Male Reproductive system consisted of?
Testes, Prostate gland, Penis
What does the Male Reproductive system do?
Produces and delivers sperm for reproduction and secretes hormones, such as testosterone, which regulate reproductive processes and male characteristics
What is the Female Reproductive system consisted of?
Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina
What does the Female Reproductive system do?
Produces eggs, provides the environment for fertilization and fetal development, and nourishes newborns through milk production
What are the survival needs?
Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, Appropriate atmospheric pressure
Define Homeostatic variables:
Are the specific factors or conditions in the body that must be maintained within a narrow range to support life and proper function
List some Homeostatic Variables:
Blood sugar (glucose)
Body Temperature
Blood Volume
Blood Pressure
Chemical Composition of Blood
True or False: Homeostatic don’t have to maintained within preset ranges?
False
What are the Homeostatic control mechanisms?
Receptor (sensor)
Control center
Effector
Is negative feedback or positive feedback common in the body?
Negative feedback is more common in the body?
Is positive feedback rare or common in the body?
Positive feedback is rare in the body
Homoeostatic Control Mechanisms:
What does the receptor do?
The receptor is the sensor. It receives the information
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
What does the control center do?
The set points/ set ranges are held in the control center
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
What does the effector do?
” Makes changes to put it back “ based on what the ranges are from info from control center
Define negative feedback mechanisms:
A process that reduces or reverses a change in a homeostatic variable, bringing it back to normal range
Define positive feedback mechanisms:
A process that increases a change in a homeostatic variable, moving it further away from its normal range temporarily
What is the purpose of negative feedback?
Maintains stability and balance in the body
What is the purpose of positive feedback?
Enhances a process until a specific outcome is achieved
Examples of negative feedback mechanisms:
Regulation of body temperature (sweating or shivering)
Blood sugar control via insulin
Blood pressure regulation
Examples of positive feedback mechanisms:
Blood clotting during injury
Uterine contractions during childbirth
Simple definitions of negative and positive feedback mechanisms:
negative feedback: counteracts change to maintain stability
positive feedback: reinforces change to achieve a specific result
