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BISC 326 Fungi > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are fungi?

A

Filamentous eukaryotic, non-photosynthetic organisms that produce vegetative structures called hyphae which in mass form mycelial network

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2
Q

The spores of the Asexual phase

A

Conidia

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3
Q

What do Fungi need for growth?

A

Carbon, Nitrogen, Micronutrients, Vitamins, Oxygen, Moisture

Might need light

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4
Q

Fungal Cell Wall Composition

A

Chitin microfibrils, Chitosan, B-linked glucans

Mannoproteins (form matrix throughout wall)

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5
Q

Which Phyla produce visible structures?

A

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

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6
Q

Which Phyla produce microscopic structures?

A

Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota, Zygomycota and Deuteromycota

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7
Q

What does it mean to be heterotrophic?

A

Fungi that rely on carbon source produced by other organisms, not photosynthetic

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8
Q

Phytopathogens

A

Infection of plants

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9
Q

Entomopathogens

A

Infection of insects

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10
Q

Aquatic pathogens

A

Infection of frog/fish

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11
Q

Mycoparasites

A

Infection of other fungi

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12
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens

A

Infection of humans

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13
Q

Enzymes that destroy plant cell wall

A

Cellulase, pectinase, ligninase, hemi-cellulase

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14
Q

Enzymes that break down proteins

A

Proteases

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15
Q

Enzymes that destroy insects

A

Chitinase

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16
Q

Enzymes that infect humans

A

Keratinase, protease, lipase, phospolipase

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17
Q

How large can fungi get?

A

Armillaria ostoyae in Malheur National Forest in Oregon, 3.4 square miles

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18
Q

What secondary metabolites do fungi produce?

A

Pigments (orange, red black)
Toxins (mycotoxins)
Organic acid (citric, oxalic)
Melanin (browns, blacks)

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19
Q

After completing mycelial growth and spore production, many fungi produce secondary metabolites when?

A

After active growth slows doen and other staling products accumulate

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20
Q

Conditions for growth

A

Temperature, moisture, appropriate nutrients, pH, oxygen and light

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21
Q

COG: Temperature

A

15-25 degrees
Some less like snow mold (4 degrees)
Some higher like thermophilic fungi (35+)

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22
Q

COG: Moisture

A

Absolute requirement for growth

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23
Q

COG: Appropriate nutrients

A

Carbon source, Nitrogen source, elements like K and phosphorus, vitamins (E for cell membrane development)

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24
Q

COG: pH

A

Range of 3-8, not great when super alkaline, produces pigments like citric acid

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25
Q

How do fungi survive?

A

As spores (short-lived), mycelium (rhizomorphs), chlamydospores, oospores and sclerotia

26
Q

What is the best time for spores to be released?

A

Morning - early risers need drying conditions to release spores

Afternoon - need wind

Night - sensitive to UV like mushrooms

27
Q

What three things reduce survival in nature?

A
  1. Microbial competition
  2. Depletion of nutrients
  3. Adverse environment conditions (freezing, drouhgt, anaerobis conditions like flooding)
28
Q

What are 5 ways that fungi spread?

A
  1. Humans
  2. Wind
  3. Water
  4. Insects
  5. Fungal enhanced dispersal (shape of spores, etc)
29
Q

Survival Lengths

A

Several hours - spores of mushrooms released at night, tiny, no pigments, sensitive to UV

Several days - spores of most fungi, pigmented survive longer

Few weeks - mycelium organized into strands (rhizomorph (root) form strands)

Several months - thick walled spores (chlamydospores or oospores)

Many years - Sclerotia (20-30 years)

30
Q

8 parts of Good Fungi

A
  1. Nutrient cycling
  2. Fungi as food
  3. Fungi as fermentation
  4. Fungal enzymes for industrial uses
  5. Ant-associated fungi
  6. Decontamination of soils by fungi
  7. Fungi attacking insects
  8. Fungi infecting Fungi
31
Q

Nutrient Cycling and Ecology Preservation

A

Break down plant material, recycling carbon and nitrogen.
Composts have high fungal activity like bacteria, enzymes act on plant material and digest cellulose and lignin to obtain sugars and other small compounds.

Eg. Dung fungi liks aspergillus

32
Q

Fungi as Food

A

Soybean fermentation via aspergillus or rhizopus for shoyu or tempeh
Milk and cheese via penicillium

Secretes enzymes, degrades fats and proteins (lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes), releases methyl ketones that make unique flavours

Wine via botrytis

33
Q

Fungal enzymes for Industrial Uses

A

Reducing pulp and other waste in paper production. Fungal enzymes eg. Cellulase

Reducing agricultural/municipal wastes during composting

Enzymes added to laundry detergent to break down food particles and remove stains like cellulase

Enzymes in biofuel production like Fusarium on corn converts xylose to ethanol

34
Q

Ant-associated fungi

A

Ant-fungus mutualism is symbiosis; ants actively cultivate fungus much like humans grow crops as food. The leaf cutter ant is a well known example of this symbiosis and a mutualism with fungi is also noted in some species of termites in Africa

35
Q

Decontamination of Soil by Fungi

A

Fungi can degrade hydrocarbons, pesticides, pollutants, dyes and heavy metals via biotransformation

Requires the presence of enzyme P450 monooxygenase

36
Q

Fungi attacking Insects

A

These entomopathofens are used as benefitial to fungi to infect and kill insects like aphids and beetles
Fungi include Beauvaria bassinae and Verticillium lecanii which penetrate the insect cuticle, secrete chitinases and grow - Biopesticides

37
Q

Fungi infecting Fungi (mycoparasites)

A

Produce enzymes that destroy the cell walls of other fungi (chitinases, glucanases) and produce antibiotics such as Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Penicillium
Some fungi that attack mushrooms are considered detrimental (green mould Trichoderma)

38
Q

Bad Fungi (general)

A

Fungi cause infection and death of many plant species (phytopathogens)
They secrete enzymes (pectinase, cellulase) as well as toxins that kill plant cells (nectrotrophic fungi)
Some fungi have specialized methods for infection but instead take up nutrients (obligate parasites or biotrophs) like powdery mildew or rust fungi

39
Q

6 parts of Bad Fungi

A 
Impact of Plant Disease
Fungi of historical importance (potato blight)
Necrotrophic fungi
Biotrophic fungi
Fungal destruction of wood and paper
Fungi causing allergies
40
Q

Impacts on Plant Diseases

A

Over 100 000 diseases affect plants, up to 20% of agricultural produce can by lost due to fungal pathogens

Diseases can result in the higher use of fungicides to manage them

41
Q

Fungi of Historical Importance

A

Late Blight on the potatoes via Phytophthora infestans

Ergot on rye via Claviceps purpurea caused St. Anthony’s fire, produced alkaloid mycotoxins including lysergic acid derivative

42
Q

Necrotrophic Fungi

A

Can grow on dead or living plant material
Produce enzymes and toxins that destroy plant cells
Can affect a broad range of plant species (up to 400 species of plants for Botrytis cinerea)

Root rot, fruit rot, via Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia

43
Q

Biotrophic Fungi

A

Can only grow on living plant cells, don’t produce toxins that destroy cells, infect by penetration peg and haustorium to absorb nutirents
Usually infect 2-3 species, specialized pathogens

Powdery mildew and rust fungi

Can survive as mycelium or spores in absence of host but not for long

44
Q

Fungal Destruction of Wood and Paper

A

Due to the production of enzymes that destroy plant cells, fungi can be a problem that affects the storage of wood or paper

45
Q

Fungi causing Allergies

A

Spore production by fungi can be in the millions
Fungi such as Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus are common in air during spring/ summer
Black mold by Stachybotris

46
Q

Ugly Fungi

A

Fungi can produce toxins/mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and animals, these are secondary metabolic products produced after the fungus has reached maximum growth

Eg. Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Stachybotrys, Alternaria

47
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Toxigenic and carcinogenic, includes cyclopeptides, alkaloids, coumarins
Toxic at low concentrations 1ug/kg body mass
Prevalent in food, heat stable

48
Q

Examples of Mycotoxins

A

Aflatoxins by Aspergillus (mouldy peanuts)
- Ingestion may result in conversion to more toxic metabolites

Trichothecenes by Fusarium; vomitoxin, zearalenone on wheat/ barley)

Ochratoxins produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus

49
Q

Skin Infections (dermatitis)

A

Fungi that grow on skin are called Dermatophytes
Fungi produce proteases and peptidases that break down keratin found in skin and hair. The tissue respond by producing more cells which are used by fungus to grow. Itchiness, mycoses.

50
Q

Ringworm Fungi

A

Naturally occurring fungi in soil that infect skin of animals, can break down feathers, nails, hooves of dead animals recycling nutrients

51
Q

Chytridiomycosis in Frogs

A

Opportunistic fungi that can grow 38-40 degrees and infect humans with weakened immune system
Aspergillus fumigatus causes aspergillosis disease of lungs, found in soil, composts, decaying plants

Spores germinate on lung tissues, invade the alveoli, produce virulence factors that can overcome weakened immune systems

52
Q

3 things a DNA region should have to be a successful barcode

A
  1. Region highly variable between species
  2. Primer binding sites are conserved, not variable
  3. Region is present in large number in genome
53
Q

Advantages and Limitations of ITS region to identify a fungus to species

A

Fast, easy to perform, standard in mycology, can be used in semi-degraded samples

Some very closely related have identical ITS regions, cannot tell these apart using ITS PCR

54
Q

Anamorph

A

Asexual state

55
Q

Telemorph

A

Sexual state

56
Q

Holomorph

A

Whole fungus, both states

57
Q

Why is Deuteromycota taxinomically incorrect?

A

Many common molds, no common sexual stage (lost or not observed)

Polyphyletic group! Not legitimate phylum

58
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Teleomorph name

A

Taxonomically correct, fits well into phylogenetic species concepts

Can be extremely uncommon to observe, not as well known

59
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of Anamorph Name

A

More common state, well known

Not taxonomically correct, deuteromycota not legitimate

60
Q

Zygomycota fungi - definition and examples

A

Spores produced from sporangiophores

Mucor racemosus, rhizopus stolonifer

61
Q

Oomycota - definition and examples

A

Sporangiospores and oospores present

Pythium irregulare

62
Q

Ascomycota - definition and examples

A

Ascospores produced within an ascus

Chaetomium globosum, sordaria fimicola

BISC 326 Fungi (2 decks)

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