Lecture Notes Flashcards
What are implicit needs?
Enduring, unconscious needs that motivate a person’s behaviour toward attaining specific social incentives (pursuit of pattern of affective experience)
1 - achievement
2 - affiliation
3 - power
What are Social Needs?
Acquired motivational processes that grow out of one’s socialization history and that activates psychological need-relevant incentives
What was Tim Kasser’s contribution to psychology?
The dark side of the American Dream (aspiration)
- lower well-being associated with extrinsic rewards (rewards [money], praise [appealing image] & competition [fame]) vs. Intrinsic goals congruent with growth
- extrinsic motivation leads to depression
- Aspirations index
Kasser’s Framework (2002)
Two broad classes of motives:
Extrinsic - depend on contingent reaction of others and are a means to an end
Intrinsic - expressive of natural growth tendencies and likely to satisfy basic psychological needs
Aspiration Index: Extrinsic vs Intrinsic
Importance and likelihood of attainment are both rated then multiple regression is performed to find importance of motivation - Intrinsic correlates positively with self-actualization and vitality and negatively with depression and physical symptoms
- Extrinsic correlates negatively with self-actualization and vitality and positively with depression and physical symptoms
Aspiration Index: Germans vs Americans
- both countries have higher intrinsic than extrinsic motivation, but difference is bigger for Germany than US
- US has higher levels of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
- positive association between intrinsic focus and total well-being for Germans (same when replicated in Korea)
2014 meta-analysis (Kasser)
Extrinsic motivation and distress correlated r = .20
- in 1980 40% of students rated wealth as most important
- in 2010 75% of students rated wealth as most important
Does it matter if you achieve your aspirations? Study by Niemic, Ryan & Deci (2009) of 200 young adults 1 year after grad:
Intrinsic motivation: better well-being
Extrinsic motivation: did not improve happiness, lower well-being
Expressing aspirations in behaviour (Sheldon and Krieger 2014): are people actually motivated the way that they say they are, and if they say they are intrinsically motivated does the behaviour follow?
- participants promoted attitudes more than they performed the behaviour (especially true for intrinsic ideals of personal growth, community, and connection)
- enacting the value better predicted well-being than simply believing the value was important
- when importance = enactment -> more well-being
Kasser recommendation:
- can’t abandon all interest in socially important constructs
- balance between intrinsic and extrinsic motivations (aspirations should be more intrinsic than extrinsic)
- be aware of factors that drive us toward materialistic values
New year resolutions are goal setting and self-change attempts that are likely to fail in both short term and long term. Failure rates are (Norcross et al):
1 week - 23%
1-3 months - 50%
12 month - 80%
2 years - 90%
Reasons for New Year’s resolution failure (Marla’s, 1972):
10% forgot
24% lack of willpower
30% deliberates
36% factors beyond personal control
SMART goals:
Specific Measurable Achievable, approach oriented Realistic, Ready to change Time-framed (Distal vs. Proximal)
Ways to succeed at goals:
- short term, proximal goals can lead you step by step to larger, distal goals
- frame goals positively (approach oriented): I want to start . . .
- don’t frame goals negatively (avoidance oriented): I want to stop
Goal self-efficacy (Bandung 1997) definition and benefits:
Self-efficacy: belief about your ability to successfully perform certain actions (does not equal self-esteem, or actual ability)
Benefits: 1) focus your attention more effectively, 2) exert more effort, 3) optimism in the face of obstacles
Stages of Change Model and Readiness:
- Pre-contemplation (consider reasons why it might be helpful to change; list benefits that might happen when ready to change)
- Contemplation
- Preparation (first stage where you can start goal setting)
- Action
- Maintenance
- Termination
Self-control (self-regulation) is defined as:
The capacity to alter or over-ride one’s typical way of responding
- standards
- monitoring (not just SMART goals, but whether you’re making progress or not)
Roy Baumeister paradigm:
- self-control is limited and can get used up (doing new habits drains willpower) - connected to glucose
- fresh cookies and radishes, participants told to eat the radishes and not the cookies, control group ate cookies
- radish condition participants did not persist as long as cookie participants at an unsolvable puzzle
Gollwitzer & Sheehan (2006) found that holding a goal intention does not guarantee goal achievement because people may fail to self-regulate during goal striving because:
- interference from other planned/unplanned goals
- unanticipated obstacles and distractions
The Implementation Study (Armitage, 2004) found that, for change in daily grams of fat intake:
- experimental group had choice of diet plan but had to write it down in as much detail as possible
- control showed no reduction in fat intake, while experimental did
Implementation plans and goal success measured in 94 independent studies showed a significant positive effect of:
Pearson r = .33
Individuals with self-control problems (addictions, schizophrenia, brain injury, ADHD) experienced even more benefit from implementation plans (r = .53)
Self report: r = .32
Objective: r = .34
