Lecture Notes Flashcards
what is symbiosis?
living together with other eukaryotes
mutualist and host
pathogen and host
where are protists found?
they are always found in moist places like leaf litter and and aquatic places
what are plastids?
membrane bound organelles
one animal can take up plastids and then use the plastids to incorperate it into tissue
what has this: membrane-enclosed nucleus
Eukaryotes
what has this: endomembrane system
Eukaryotes
what has this: mitochondria, chloroplasts
Eukaryotes
what has this : cytoskeleton
Eukaryotes
what has this : 9 + 2 flagella, multiple chromosomes of linear DNA with organizing proteins,
Eukaryotes
what has this: life cycles with mitosis, meiosis, and sex.
Eukaryotes
what are the 6 differences between Eukaryotes and prokaryotes:
membrane-enclosed nucleus
endomembrane system
mitochondria, chloroplasts
the cytoskeleton,
9 + 2 flagella, multiple chromosomes of linear DNA with organizing proteins,
and life cycles with mitosis, meiosis, and sex.
what is a fungus:
decomposer
what is the cell wall of a fungus made out of
chiten
protozoan
animal like but single celled
if something looks like barf it is probably
fungus
if something has a nucleoid region what is it ?
prokaryote
if something has a membrane bound organelle it is :
a eukaryote
if a cell has mitochondria it is what ?
a eukaryote
endosymbiont theory is responsible for what in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
explain endosymbiont theory
at one time the cell and the mitochindria had a symbiotic relationtionship, and now it is necessary for cell processes to work correctly
do all eukaryotes have chloroplasts?
no, on in organisms that perform photosynthesis
if a cell has choloroplasts what kind of cell is it?
a eukaryote
name 2 unique organelles that are unique to eukaryotes
mitochondria and chlroplasts
if an organism has cytoskelton what kind of cell is it?
eukaryote
what is cytoskeleton?
protein tubleues that help to keep shape of the cell, and used to move cell
phagocytosis
wrapping around food item and then eating something
what is the predicatble flagellum arrangement of flagella in eukaryotes
9+2 flagella
do prokaryotes have flagella?
yes , but it is not arranged in the same way as in eukaryotes
what is the relationship between the flaggelum in prokarotes and eukaryotes
they are similar due to convergent evolution, not a common ancestor
if something has circular choromosome with very little proteins what kind of organism is it ?
prokaryote
if something has linear dna what kind of organism is it
eukaryote
if something has histomes also known as organizing dna , what kind of organism is it?
a eukaryote
if something perfoms conjugation what kind of organism
prokaryote
if something has sex what kind of organism is it
Eukaryote
do all protozoans have a common ancestor?
no
name 4 defining characteristics of protozoans
resemble animals
heterotrophic
single celled
motile
are protozoans a monophyletic group ?
no! everything that is considered a protozoan does not have a common ancestor. they are just grouped together because :
- motile
- single celled
- heterotropic
- resemble animals
what is another word for mold
decomposer, spread on food , fuzzy
if something is fuzzy what is it likely
its is a fungal mold
what is mold a description of ?
what you are doing, not who you are
name 3 defining characteristics of mold
fuzzy
decomposer
spread on food
name 4 characteristics of algae
photosynthetic
not plants
not bacteria
aquatic
another word for sea weed is what
algae
what are the 2 criteria for plants
vascular tissue
adapted to life on land
are blue green algae algae?
no, blue green algae (cyanobacteria) are bacteria, not eukaryotes
is kelp a plant?
no it is algae
is sea weed a plant?
no it is algae
can algae resemble plants?
yes, they can have division of labor, like in sea weed, but they are not adapted for land, and they do not have vascular tissue so they are not plants
what does plankton mean?
a wanderer, it is at the whim or mercy of currents, aquatic
can plankton be plant and animal like ?
yes
what are phytoplankton
plant like plankton that can do photosynthesis
define phytoplankton
aquatic, perform photosynthsis, float
what is animal larvae called
zooplankton
what is another word for rice of the sea
phytoplankton
what is another word for kibble of the sea
zooplankton
what is at the base of the food chain, and provides food for other animals?
plankton
can protozoans be zooplankton?
yes
can protozoans be phytoplankton
no
photoheterotrophs are prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes
are photoautotrophs prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
define photoautotroph
like plants, use light energy to make ATP, brings in carbon
are heterotrophs Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
describe Heterotrophs
they are like us, they are dependent on carbon coming in from an organic source
who can be a mixotroph
a protist
what is a mixotroph?
prostists can switch between photoautotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy
how do most protists move?
using flagella, which is a longer form of acillium, which makes a whipping action
how many sets of chromosomes do we have
23
how many total chromosomes do we have
46
are we diploid or haploid
diploid
2n—> is what?
meiosis
n—> n is what
mitosis
describe meiosis
unique combinations of daughter cells, shuffling, not identical cells
describe mitosis
making clones, making identical cells
what is ploidy number in humans
2n
gamete production is an example of meiosis of mitosis
meiosis
what is the role of gametes
to fertilize other gametes, make a fusion happen,
what is syngamete
fertilization
what is the ploidy number of zygote
2n
zygote goes through what
mitosis
animals life cycle is dominated by haploid or diploid
diploid
gametes are made by which process?
meiosis
what does the zygote undergo in animal life cycle?
mitosis
what is the role of a spore?
it is to germinate
what is the gametes job?
to fuse
is a spore diploid or haploid?
haploid
what are hypae?
fillments born from spores
what does a mushroom represent?
a mingling of 2 spores
is a mushroom diploid or haploid ?
haploid
where does fertilization happen in a mushroom?
in the gills of a mushroom
what is the brown dust found in a mushroom
spores from the zygote
what are the role of spores
to restore the haploid condition
in fungus how are gametes made
by mitosis
in fungus what do zygotes undergo?
mieosis
what is another name for the plant life cycle
alternation of generations
is a plant (fern) diploid or haploid
diploid
what is found on the underside of fern leaves
spores
the spores on the under side of a plant are the product of what?
the product of meiosis
how is the plant life cycle similar to ours?
it goes through mitosis to get bigger
how is the plant life cycle different than ours?
the plant life cycle makes spores, we dont
why is the plant life cycle called the alternation of generations?
- it has a mullticellular diploid structure
2. mulitcellular haploid structure (sperm making more cells and walking down the street)
out of the which of the 3 life cycles, which one goes through meiosis to make gametes?
animal
what is a gametophyte
make gametes through mitosis in the plant life cycle
how do fungus and animal structures make gametes
through mitosis
what is a sporophyte
in the plant life cycle, they go though the meiosis to make spores
where are protists found?
moist places (aquatic, marine or fresh, terrestrial in leaflitter)
what is symbiosis
living together with other protists having some kind of relationship
in a symbiotic relationship what is the bigger partner called
a host
does the host in a symbiotic relationship have to be benefitting?
no, it just refers to the bigger organism
what are plastids
membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotes ex chlorplasts in plants,
do all plastids do photosytheis?
no, they dont, but most of them are there from endosymbiont theory,
describe the endosymbiont relationship between chlorplasts and eukaryotic cells
eukaryote swallows a cell that can do photosythesis, a mutualist relationship forms so that they can not live without each other
what is evidence of endosymbiosis
multiple membranes
what is the name of the animal capable of photosynthesis
the marine slug
what is the synapomorphy of excavata?
groove on the side of cullular body
what does giardia do?
it causes diareeha
when people say “ dont drink the water” are they worried about what
giardia (diplomonad) (excavata)
what is the trichomonas vaginallis?
an std, (parabasilid) (excavata), not many symptoms in males, itching in males, microscopic
what is trypanosoma?
causes sleeping sickness (Euglenozoans) ( Excavata)
what is unique about euglina
it is a mixotroph, (Euglenozoan) (excavata)
is euglena harmful
no
what does sleeping sickness do
always tired, causes damage to organs and death
alveolites and stramenopiles are under what supergroup?
chromovelata
what are dinoflagellates?
they have armored shells, 2 flagella, they are an example of alveolata, they live in water (chromalveolata)
what do dinoflagellates look like?
they are olive or red, they are in bodies of water
are all red tides bad
no, some look bad but arent
what is the ecological role of dinophlagellates?
to be primary producers
what is unique about pfisteria
it is a dinoflagellate that is a heterotroph ( they catch food through toxic chemicals
what can happen if there is to0 much
pfesteria in the water?
it can cause toxic blooms, because since they are heterotrophs they poison they food that they are going to eat. therefore there will be excess amounts of toxins in the bodies of shell fish. when humans eat the shell fish they get very sick
what animals are likely to be affected by pfesteria if there is a lot of them
shell fish , they are filter feeders. their tissues can pick up LARGE concentrations of pfesteria toxins. when humans eat the shell fish, they get very sick!
if someone says “ dont eat the shell fish” what are they likely referring to?
pfesteria red tides. the toxins caused by pfesteria are high in the shell fish bodies. when humans eat this we get sick!
what is one likely cause of red tides that is linked with cultural eutrophication?
using fertilizers is causing the red tides of pfesteria. this is more and more common!
where does ciguatera poisoning usually happen?
puerto rico
what causes ciguaterra poisioning
dinoflaggelates
what do corrals have in them to make unique blooms?
dinoflagellates called zooxanthelle
if you disturb water and see light what are you likley looking at?
dinoflagellates
what is the purpose of having some dinoflagellates put out light?
to bring predators to your predators
what is the primary ecological role of dinoflagellates
primary producers
what group does malaria belong to ?
chromaveolata (alveolites)
what goes into human when someone gets malaria
sporozoites
what group does malaria belong to
alveolite, apicomplexans,plasmodium
name the 3 clades of alveolites
dinoflagellates, apicomplexeans, cilliates
what is the characteristc of streminopilas
hairy looking flagellum
