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Protists > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

living together with other eukaryotes
mutualist and host
pathogen and host

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2
Q

where are protists found?

A

they are always found in moist places like leaf litter and and aquatic places

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3
Q

what are plastids?

A

membrane bound organelles

one animal can take up plastids and then use the plastids to incorperate it into tissue

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4
Q

what has this: membrane-enclosed nucleus

A

Eukaryotes

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5
Q

what has this: endomembrane system

A

Eukaryotes

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6
Q

what has this: mitochondria, chloroplasts

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

what has this : cytoskeleton

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

what has this : 9 + 2 flagella, multiple chromosomes of linear DNA with organizing proteins,

A

Eukaryotes

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9
Q

what has this: life cycles with mitosis, meiosis, and sex.

A

Eukaryotes

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10
Q

what are the 6 differences between Eukaryotes and prokaryotes:

A

membrane-enclosed nucleus
endomembrane system
mitochondria, chloroplasts
the cytoskeleton,
9 + 2 flagella, multiple chromosomes of linear DNA with organizing proteins,
and life cycles with mitosis, meiosis, and sex.

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11
Q

what is a fungus:

A

decomposer

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12
Q

what is the cell wall of a fungus made out of

A

chiten

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13
Q

protozoan

A

animal like but single celled

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14
Q

if something looks like barf it is probably

A

fungus

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15
Q

if something has a nucleoid region what is it ?

A

prokaryote

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16
Q

if something has a membrane bound organelle it is :

A

a eukaryote

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17
Q

if a cell has mitochondria it is what ?

A

a eukaryote

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18
Q

endosymbiont theory is responsible for what in eukaryotes?

A

mitochondria

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19
Q

explain endosymbiont theory

A

at one time the cell and the mitochindria had a symbiotic relationtionship, and now it is necessary for cell processes to work correctly

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20
Q

do all eukaryotes have chloroplasts?

A

no, on in organisms that perform photosynthesis

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21
Q

if a cell has choloroplasts what kind of cell is it?

A

a eukaryote

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22
Q

name 2 unique organelles that are unique to eukaryotes

A

mitochondria and chlroplasts

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23
Q

if an organism has cytoskelton what kind of cell is it?

A

eukaryote

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24
Q

what is cytoskeleton?

A

protein tubleues that help to keep shape of the cell, and used to move cell

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25
Q

phagocytosis

A

wrapping around food item and then eating something

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26
Q

what is the predicatble flagellum arrangement of flagella in eukaryotes

A

9+2 flagella

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27
Q

do prokaryotes have flagella?

A

yes , but it is not arranged in the same way as in eukaryotes

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28
Q

what is the relationship between the flaggelum in prokarotes and eukaryotes

A

they are similar due to convergent evolution, not a common ancestor

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29
Q

if something has circular choromosome with very little proteins what kind of organism is it ?

A

prokaryote

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30
Q

if something has linear dna what kind of organism is it

A

eukaryote

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31
Q

if something has histomes also known as organizing dna , what kind of organism is it?

A

a eukaryote

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32
Q

if something perfoms conjugation what kind of organism

A

prokaryote

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33
Q

if something has sex what kind of organism is it

A

Eukaryote

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34
Q

do all protozoans have a common ancestor?

A

no

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35
Q

name 4 defining characteristics of protozoans

A

resemble animals
heterotrophic
single celled
motile

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36
Q

are protozoans a monophyletic group ?

A

no! everything that is considered a protozoan does not have a common ancestor. they are just grouped together because :

  1. motile
  2. single celled
  3. heterotropic
  4. resemble animals
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37
Q

what is another word for mold

A

decomposer, spread on food , fuzzy

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38
Q

if something is fuzzy what is it likely

A

its is a fungal mold

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39
Q

what is mold a description of ?

A

what you are doing, not who you are

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40
Q

name 3 defining characteristics of mold

A

fuzzy
decomposer
spread on food

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41
Q

name 4 characteristics of algae

A

photosynthetic
not plants
not bacteria
aquatic

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42
Q

another word for sea weed is what

A

algae

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43
Q

what are the 2 criteria for plants

A

vascular tissue

adapted to life on land

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44
Q

are blue green algae algae?

A

no, blue green algae (cyanobacteria) are bacteria, not eukaryotes

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45
Q

is kelp a plant?

A

no it is algae

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46
Q

is sea weed a plant?

A

no it is algae

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47
Q

can algae resemble plants?

A

yes, they can have division of labor, like in sea weed, but they are not adapted for land, and they do not have vascular tissue so they are not plants

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48
Q

what does plankton mean?

A

a wanderer, it is at the whim or mercy of currents, aquatic

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49
Q

can plankton be plant and animal like ?

A

yes

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50
Q

what are phytoplankton

A

plant like plankton that can do photosynthesis

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51
Q

define phytoplankton

A

aquatic, perform photosynthsis, float

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52
Q

what is animal larvae called

A

zooplankton

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53
Q

what is another word for rice of the sea

A

phytoplankton

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54
Q

what is another word for kibble of the sea

A

zooplankton

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55
Q

what is at the base of the food chain, and provides food for other animals?

A

plankton

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56
Q

can protozoans be zooplankton?

A

yes

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57
Q

can protozoans be phytoplankton

A

no

58
Q

photoheterotrophs are prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes

59
Q

are photoautotrophs prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

eukaryotes

60
Q

define photoautotroph

A

like plants, use light energy to make ATP, brings in carbon

61
Q

are heterotrophs Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryotic

62
Q

describe Heterotrophs

A

they are like us, they are dependent on carbon coming in from an organic source

63
Q

who can be a mixotroph

A

a protist

64
Q

what is a mixotroph?

A

prostists can switch between photoautotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy

65
Q

how do most protists move?

A

using flagella, which is a longer form of acillium, which makes a whipping action

66
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do we have

A

23

67
Q

how many total chromosomes do we have

A

46

68
Q

are we diploid or haploid

A

diploid

69
Q

2n—> is what?

A

meiosis

70
Q

n—> n is what

A

mitosis

71
Q

describe meiosis

A

unique combinations of daughter cells, shuffling, not identical cells

72
Q

describe mitosis

A

making clones, making identical cells

73
Q

what is ploidy number in humans

A

2n

74
Q

gamete production is an example of meiosis of mitosis

A

meiosis

75
Q

what is the role of gametes

A

to fertilize other gametes, make a fusion happen,

76
Q

what is syngamete

A

fertilization

77
Q

what is the ploidy number of zygote

A

2n

78
Q

zygote goes through what

A

mitosis

79
Q

animals life cycle is dominated by haploid or diploid

A

diploid

80
Q

gametes are made by which process?

A

meiosis

81
Q

what does the zygote undergo in animal life cycle?

A

mitosis

82
Q

what is the role of a spore?

A

it is to germinate

83
Q

what is the gametes job?

A

to fuse

84
Q

is a spore diploid or haploid?

A

haploid

85
Q

what are hypae?

A

fillments born from spores

86
Q

what does a mushroom represent?

A

a mingling of 2 spores

87
Q

is a mushroom diploid or haploid ?

A

haploid

88
Q

where does fertilization happen in a mushroom?

A

in the gills of a mushroom

89
Q

what is the brown dust found in a mushroom

A

spores from the zygote

90
Q

what are the role of spores

A

to restore the haploid condition

91
Q

in fungus how are gametes made

A

by mitosis

92
Q

in fungus what do zygotes undergo?

A

mieosis

93
Q

what is another name for the plant life cycle

A

alternation of generations

94
Q

is a plant (fern) diploid or haploid

A

diploid

95
Q

what is found on the underside of fern leaves

A

spores

96
Q

the spores on the under side of a plant are the product of what?

A

the product of meiosis

97
Q

how is the plant life cycle similar to ours?

A

it goes through mitosis to get bigger

98
Q

how is the plant life cycle different than ours?

A

the plant life cycle makes spores, we dont

99
Q

why is the plant life cycle called the alternation of generations?

A
  1. it has a mullticellular diploid structure

2. mulitcellular haploid structure (sperm making more cells and walking down the street)

100
Q

out of the which of the 3 life cycles, which one goes through meiosis to make gametes?

A

animal

101
Q

what is a gametophyte

A

make gametes through mitosis in the plant life cycle

102
Q

how do fungus and animal structures make gametes

A

through mitosis

103
Q

what is a sporophyte

A

in the plant life cycle, they go though the meiosis to make spores

104
Q

where are protists found?

A

moist places (aquatic, marine or fresh, terrestrial in leaflitter)

105
Q

what is symbiosis

A

living together with other protists having some kind of relationship

106
Q

in a symbiotic relationship what is the bigger partner called

A

a host

107
Q

does the host in a symbiotic relationship have to be benefitting?

A

no, it just refers to the bigger organism

108
Q

what are plastids

A

membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotes ex chlorplasts in plants,

109
Q

do all plastids do photosytheis?

A

no, they dont, but most of them are there from endosymbiont theory,

110
Q

describe the endosymbiont relationship between chlorplasts and eukaryotic cells

A

eukaryote swallows a cell that can do photosythesis, a mutualist relationship forms so that they can not live without each other

111
Q

what is evidence of endosymbiosis

A

multiple membranes

112
Q

what is the name of the animal capable of photosynthesis

A

the marine slug

113
Q

what is the synapomorphy of excavata?

A

groove on the side of cullular body

114
Q

what does giardia do?

A

it causes diareeha

115
Q

when people say “ dont drink the water” are they worried about what

A

giardia (diplomonad) (excavata)

116
Q

what is the trichomonas vaginallis?

A

an std, (parabasilid) (excavata), not many symptoms in males, itching in males, microscopic

117
Q

what is trypanosoma?

A

causes sleeping sickness (Euglenozoans) ( Excavata)

118
Q

what is unique about euglina

A

it is a mixotroph, (Euglenozoan) (excavata)

119
Q

is euglena harmful

A

no

120
Q

what does sleeping sickness do

A

always tired, causes damage to organs and death

121
Q

alveolites and stramenopiles are under what supergroup?

A

chromovelata

122
Q

what are dinoflagellates?

A

they have armored shells, 2 flagella, they are an example of alveolata, they live in water (chromalveolata)

123
Q

what do dinoflagellates look like?

A

they are olive or red, they are in bodies of water

124
Q

are all red tides bad

A

no, some look bad but arent

125
Q

what is the ecological role of dinophlagellates?

A

to be primary producers

126
Q

what is unique about pfisteria

A

it is a dinoflagellate that is a heterotroph ( they catch food through toxic chemicals

127
Q

what can happen if there is to0 much

pfesteria in the water?

A

it can cause toxic blooms, because since they are heterotrophs they poison they food that they are going to eat. therefore there will be excess amounts of toxins in the bodies of shell fish. when humans eat the shell fish they get very sick

128
Q

what animals are likely to be affected by pfesteria if there is a lot of them

A

shell fish , they are filter feeders. their tissues can pick up LARGE concentrations of pfesteria toxins. when humans eat the shell fish, they get very sick!

129
Q

if someone says “ dont eat the shell fish” what are they likely referring to?

A

pfesteria red tides. the toxins caused by pfesteria are high in the shell fish bodies. when humans eat this we get sick!

130
Q

what is one likely cause of red tides that is linked with cultural eutrophication?

A

using fertilizers is causing the red tides of pfesteria. this is more and more common!

131
Q

where does ciguatera poisoning usually happen?

A

puerto rico

132
Q

what causes ciguaterra poisioning

A

dinoflaggelates

133
Q

what do corrals have in them to make unique blooms?

A

dinoflagellates called zooxanthelle

134
Q

if you disturb water and see light what are you likley looking at?

A

dinoflagellates

135
Q

what is the purpose of having some dinoflagellates put out light?

A

to bring predators to your predators

136
Q

what is the primary ecological role of dinoflagellates

A

primary producers

137
Q

what group does malaria belong to ?

A

chromaveolata (alveolites)

138
Q

what goes into human when someone gets malaria

A

sporozoites

139
Q

what group does malaria belong to

A

alveolite, apicomplexans,plasmodium

140
Q

name the 3 clades of alveolites

A

dinoflagellates, apicomplexeans, cilliates

141
Q

what is the characteristc of streminopilas

A

hairy looking flagellum

Protists (1 decks)

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