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BMS 301 Upper Limb > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Upper limb function:

A
  1. Shock absorber.
  2. Manipulative appendage.
  3. Muscle usage..
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2
Q

True or false: The upper limb is propulsive and weight-bearing.

A

FALSE - the upper limb is NOT propulsive and weight baring.

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3
Q

The upper limb has ______ mobility, and ______ stability.

A
  1. High.
  2. Low.
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3
Q

What is the only bony attachment between the upper limb and axial skeleton?

A

The clavicle.

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4
Q

All movement of the U.L. is directed to manipulate the -

A

Hand

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4
Q

Define the shoulder, its official name, and the bones in this region.

A
  1. Neck to arm.
  2. Shoulder.
  3. Clavicle and scapula.
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5
Q

What bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula.

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5
Q

Define the arm, it’s official name, and bones in this region.

A
  1. Shoulder to elbow.
  2. Brachium.
  3. Humerus.
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5
Q

Define the forearm, its official name, and the bones in this area?

A
  1. Elbow to wrist.
  2. Antibrachium.
  3. Radius and ulna.
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5
Q

Define the hand, the official name, and the bones involved?

A
  1. Wrist to distal phalanx.
  2. Manus.
  3. Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
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6
Q

The wrist is associated with which bones?

A

Carpals.

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7
Q

Which bones is the hand proper associated with?

A

Metacarpal.

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8
Q

Which bones are associated with the digits?

A

Phalanges.

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8
Q

___________: Projects the upper limb laterally, and transmits all energy from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

A

Clavicle.

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8
Q

Which articulation of the shoulder is between sternum and clavicle, is synovial but can function as a ball n socket joint - considered to be a saddle joint.

A

Sternoclavicular.

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8
Q

___________: Articulates with the clavicle, and is a site of extensive muscle attachment to move the shoulder.

A

Scapula.

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9
Q

_______________: Articulates with the scapula and is the only bone in the arm.

A

Humerus.

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10
Q

Which joint is know to be a “saddle joint”?

A

Sternoclavicular joint.

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11
Q

Information on the sternoclavicular joint/articulation:

A
  1. Between the sternum and clavicle.
  2. Synovial joint + ball and socket jt - called a saddle joint.
  3. Is very strong + stable as it is supported by a very strong ligament
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11
Q

What occurs if we tear the coracoclavicular ligament?

A

A shoulder separation.

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12
Q

Information on the arcromioclavicular joint/articulation:

A
  1. Is between the clavicle and the acromian of the scapula.
  2. Is synovial planar gliding.
  3. Is held together by the coracoclavicular ligament.
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12
Q

The coracoclavicular ligament is associated with which joint?

A

Acromioclavicular.

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13
Q

Information on the scapulothoracic “articulation”:

A
  1. NOT an actual joint.
  2. Is where the scapula glides along the thoracic cage.
  3. Scapula floats here - does not have a bone articulation with the ribs.
  4. Allows for elevation/depression and protraction/retraction of the scapula.
  5. Additionally does scapula rotation.
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13
Q

What joint is the “true shoulder joint”?

A

The glenohumeral joint.

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14
Q

Information on the glenohumoral joint:

A
  1. True shoulder joint.
  2. Articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
  3. Synovial ball + socket.
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14
Q

What primarily stabilizes the glenohumeral joint?

A

The rotator cuff muscles.

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14
Q

______ of the head of the humerus sits in the __________ _________.

A
  1. 1/3 of the head.
  2. Glenoid fossa.
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15
Q

True or false: The joint capsule surrounding the glenohumeral joint provides a great amount of strength and support.

A

FALSE.

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16
Q

In which region is the glenohumeral joint strongest, what consequence does this have clinically?

A
  1. Is strongest in the posterior superior area.
  2. Causing most injuries to occur in the anterior inferior direction - causing a squared off look during dislocation.
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17
Q

Function of the glenoid labrum?

A

Glenoid labrum is a ring of cartilage that deepens the glenoid fossa, providing more stability to the glenohumeral joint - WITH OUT LIMITING MOVEMENT.

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18
Q

What is the most broken bone in the upper limb, and why?

A

The clavicle, because it transfers all of the energy from the U.L. to the axial skeleton.

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19
Q

Shoulder dislocation occurs at which joint?

A

The glenohumeral joint.

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20
Q

The axiohumeral muscles consist of the ____________ _______ and the ____________ _______ muscles, that both come off of the sternum/ribs/spine.

A
  1. Pectoralis major m.
  2. Latissimus Doris m.
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21
Q

Information on the pectoralis major muscle - Attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = sternum or clavicle.
  2. B = Bicipital groove of the humerus.
  3. Action = Powerful adduction, some flexion, extension, and rotation of the shoulder.
  4. Innervation = Med. and Lat. Pectoral nerves.
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22
Q

Information on the latissimus Dorsi muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Spinous processes of T7-L5.
  2. B = Bicipital groove of humerus.
  3. Muscle belly is posterior.
  4. Action = Powerful shoulder extension, can also adduct and medially rotate.
  5. Innervation = Thoracodorsal nerve.
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23
Q

Axioscapular muscles:

A
  1. Pectoralis minor muscle.
  2. Trapezius muscle.
  3. Levator scapulae muscle.
  4. Rhomboids muscle.
  5. Serratus anterior muscle.
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24
Q

Information on the pectoralis minor muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = upper ribs.
  2. B = coracoid process of scapula.
  3. Action = stabilize the scapula and assist in respiration.
  4. Innervation = Med. and Lat. pectoral nerves.
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25
Q

Information on the trapezius muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = spinous processes C1-T12.
  2. B = Spine of the scapula/acromian/Clavicle.
  3. Action = Elevate, retract, and upward rotation of the scapula.
  4. Innervation = CN XI accessory.
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26
Q

Information on levator scapulae muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Upper transverse processes.
  2. B = Superior angle of the scapula.
  3. Action = Elevate scapula.
  4. Innervation = Dorsal scapular nerve.
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27
Q

Information on rhomboids muscles - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = midline of back.
  2. B = Medial border of scapula.
  3. Action = retraction of the scapula.
  4. Innervation = Dorsal scapular nerve.
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28
Q

Information on serratus anterior muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Anterolateral ribs.
  2. B = Medial border of scapula.
  3. Action = Abduction of the scapula, holds scapula against ribs, and respiration.
  4. Innervation = Long thoracic nerve.
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29
Q

If the long thoracic nerve was severed, how would this present clinically and why?

A

The scapula would appear winged because we would lose function to the serratus anterior muscle, that works to hold the scapula against the thoracic cage.

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30
Q

Scapulohumoral muscles:

A
  1. Deltoids.
  2. Teres major muscle.
  3. Rotator cuff muscles.
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31
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

All supply strength and support to the glenohumeral joint:
1. Teres minor muscle.
2. Infraspinotus muscle.
3. Supraspinous muscle.
4. Subscapular muscle.

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32
Q

Information on the deltoids muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Deltoid tuberosity.
  2. B = Spinal head, clavicular head, acromial head.
  3. Innervation = Axillary nerve.
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33
Q

The function of the ________ head of the deltoids muscle is shoulder flexion.

A
  1. Clavicular head.
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34
Q

The function of the _________ head of the deltoids muscle is abduction.

A

acromial head.

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35
Q

The function of the ___________ head of the deltoids muscle is arm extension.

A

Spinal head.

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36
Q

Information on the Teres major muscle - attachments, action, innervations:

A
  1. A = Posterior scapula.
  2. B = Bicipital groove of the humerus.
  3. Action = Adduction, medial rotation of the scapula.
  4. Innervation = Lower subscapular nerve.
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37
Q

Information on the Teres Minor muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Posterior + inferior scapula.
  2. B = Posterior greater tubercle of the humerus.
  3. Action = Lateral rotation of the humerus.
  4. Innervation = Axillary nerve.
38
Q

Information on the infraspinatus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
  2. B = Posterior greater tubercle.
  3. Action = Lateral rotation.
  4. Innervation = suprascapular nerve.
39
Q

Information on the supraspinatus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:

A
  1. A = Superior scapula.
  2. B = Superior greater tubercle of the humerus.
  3. Action = abduction.
  4. Innervation = Suprascapular nerve.
40
Q

Information on the subscapularis muscle - Attachments, actions, innervation:

A
  1. A = Anterior scapula.
  2. B = Anterior lesser tubercle of the humerus.
  3. Action = Medial rotation.
  4. Innervation = Upper and lower subscapular nerve.
41
Q

The lower subscapular nerve innervates both the _________ _________ and _____________ muscles, while the upper subscapular nerve only innervates the _____________.

A
  1. Teres major muscle.
  2. Subscapularis muscle.
  3. Subscapularis muscle.
42
Q

Which muscles attach to the Bicipital groove of the humerus?

A
  1. Latissimus dorsi muscle.
  2. Pectoralis major muscle.
  3. Teres major muscle.
43
Q

What are the borders of the axilla (armpit)?

A
  1. Anterior border - Pectoralis major and
    minor muscles.
  2. Medial border - Ribs, serratus anterior muscle, and subscapularis muscle.
  3. Posterior border - Latissimus dorsi muscle, teres major muscle.
44
Q

Fat, lymph nodes, and the neurovascular bundle all exist in what region?

A

The axilla (armpit)

45
Q

What is in the neurovascular bundle?

A
  1. Axillary artery.
  2. Axillary vein.
  3. Brachial plexus.
46
Q

True or false: Male and female anatomy is the same in the breast, it is just more developed in females due to sex hormones.

A

TRUE!

47
Q

__________: a group of mammary glands packed in fat and supported by ligaments borrowed from superficial fascia, and covered with delicate skin.

A

Breast.

48
Q

___________: Modified sweat and subaceous glands. This is an accessory sex gland, that produces milk.

A

Mammary glands.

49
Q

What do we call the ducts that drain milk and discharge from the mammary glands to the lactiferus sinuses?

A

Lactiferus ducts.

50
Q

Deep to the breast there is a layer of:

A

Deep fascia.

51
Q

___________ __________ are smalll ligaments made of borrowed C.T. that are very weak, and as we age they break, leading to sagging of the breast.

A

Suspensatory ligaments

52
Q

How many lactiferus ducts are there leading out to the nipple?

A

10-15.

53
Q

The ________ is a subaceous gland that secretes discharge that helps prevent chaffing of the nipple.

A

Areola.

54
Q

In what area of the breast do most breast carcinomas occur in?

A

The superior lateral quadrant that drains into the axillary lymph nodes.

55
Q

If there is a carcinoma in the medial side of the breast, where will its lymph drainage flow to? Why is this important?

A
  1. Parasternal lymph nodes.
  2. If carcinoma occurs on the medial aspect of the breast it is almost always in both breasts.
56
Q

In a lumpectomy, surgeons remove:

A

The mammary glands, lactiferus sinus, and lactiferus ducts that the carcinoma effects.

57
Q

Why does breast carcinoma have a much higher rate of metastasis compared to prostate carcinoma?

A

Because the prostate has a thick connective tissue capsule, preventing metastasis, that is not present in the breast.

58
Q

Breast carcinomas are often confined to the:

A

Mammary duct.

59
Q

The brachial plexus supplies the body wall and upper limbs with _________, _________, and ____________ innervation.

A
  1. Motor.
  2. Sensory.
  3. Autonomics.
60
Q

A plexus is:

A

A network of Ventral Rami.

61
Q

The brachial plexus originates from Ventral Rami of which cervical regions?

A

C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.

62
Q

Motor cell bodies of the brachial plexus are in the:

A

CNS - Ventral horn of the spinal cord.

63
Q

Sensory cell bodies of the brachial plexus are in the:

A

PNS - Dorsal root ganglion.

64
Q

Which branch off of the brachial plexus supplies most of the shoulder?

A

Axillary nerve.

65
Q

_________ nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus that supplies most of the posterior arm and forearm.

A

Radial nerve.

66
Q

A patient comes into the emergency room complaining of loss of sensation and paralysis of the posterior arm and forearm. What is your primary concern?

A

Damage to the radial nerve.

67
Q

Which branch off of the brachial plexus supplies most of the anterior forearm and thumb?

A

Median nerve.

68
Q

What would occur if the median nerve is severed, clinically?

A

Loss of sensation, movement, and autonomics to the anterior arm and thumb.

69
Q

A ____________ injury occurs to the nerves branching off of the brachial plexus, and cannot be traced back to a distinct Ventral Rami.

A

Peripheral.

70
Q

A ___________ injury occurs close to midline, and based on symptoms, can indicate precisely which Ventral Rami are involved with injury.

A

Segmental injury.

71
Q

Segmental innervation to the muscles, where a specific Ventral Rami innervates a specific portion of muscle, is called -

A

Myotomes.

72
Q

Segmental innervation to the skin, where a specific Ventral Rami innervates a specific portion of the skin, is called -

A

Dermatomes.

73
Q

The musculocutaneous nerve segmentally innervates the ________ _________, via ___/___/___.

A
  1. Biceps brachii muscle.
  2. C5, C6, C7.
74
Q

True or false: Nerves of the brachial plexus can be either sensory or motor, and can also be mixed innervation.

A

FALSE - Nerves of the brachial plexus all supply mixed sensory and motor innervation.

75
Q

________ blood supply is high pressure and low volume.

A

Arterial.

76
Q

________ blood supply is low pressure and high volume.

A

Venous.

77
Q

Flow of blood to the left arm:

A
  1. Aorta.
  2. Left subclavian artery.
  3. Axillary artery.
  4. Brachial artery.
  5. Brachial artery gives off the profunda brachii artery, ulnar artery, and radial artery.
  6. Radial artery splits into the deep palmer arch, that then turns into the digital arteries.
  7. Ulnar artery turns into the superficial palmar arch, which turns into the metacarpal arch, and then finally the digital arteries.
78
Q

In the hand there is a distinct functional anastamosis between the:

A

Deep palmar arch and the superficial palmar arch.

79
Q

Blood flow to the right arm differs from the left because the right subclavian artery branches off of the ____ ___________ _______.

A

Right subclavian artery.

80
Q

Lateral border of the subclavian arteries:

A

1st rib.

81
Q

The internal thoracic artery, vertebral arteries, and the thyrocervical arteries are all branches off of the:

A

Subclavian artery.

82
Q

The internal thoracic artery supplies blood to the

A

Thorax.

83
Q

The vertebral arteries supply blood to the:

A

Brain.

83
Q

The thyrocervical arteries supply blood to the:

A

Thyroid and cervical viscera.

84
Q

The axillary artery spans from the __________ to the _______ _______ muscle.

A
  1. 1st rib.
  2. Teres major muscle.
85
Q

Branches of the axillary artery:

A
  1. Thoracoacromial trunk - to the lateral thoracic cage, pectorals, and acromial.
  2. Lateral thoracic artery - to the serratus anterior muscle.
  3. Subscapular artery - to the subscapular region.
86
Q

Brachial artery has one distinct branch called the ________ ________, that goes to the entire arm both posteriorly and anteriorly.

A

Profunda brachii artery.

87
Q

What is unique about the profunda brachii artery?

A

It wraps posteriorly along the shaft of the humerus with the brachial nerve.

88
Q

Distal to the elbow, the brachial artery splits into the:

A
  1. Radial artery.
  2. Ulnar artery.
89
Q

The _______ artery is medial, supplying the medial and anterior forearm. This supply’s muscles of adduction and flexion of the wrist.

A

Ulnar.

90
Q

The ________ artery is lateral, supplying the lateral and posterior forearm. This artery supplies muscles of abduction and extension of the wrist.

A

Radial.

91
Q

The radial artery turns into the:

A

Deep palmer arch, in the deep hand.

92
Q

The ulnar artery turns into the:

A

Superficial palmer arch, in the superficial hand.

93
Q

What is unique about the relationship between the deep palmer arch and the superficial palmer arch of the hand?

A

They have a distinct functional anastamosis between them.

94
Q

True or false: The subclavian artery passes underneath the clavicle and above the 1st rib at the same time, posing the risk of impingement.

A

TRUE!

95
Q

True or false: Deep veins in the hand have valves, while superficial veins in the hand do not.

A

FALSE: all veins of the upper limb have valves.

96
Q

The veins of the upper limb run in pairs, with an artery in between them, all wrapped in a sheath of connective tissue. This is called:

A

Venae comitantes.

97
Q

Why is it important that veins in the upper limb run vena comitantes?

A

Because when blood pulses through the artery, it places pressure on the veins up against the C.T. sheath, forcing venous blood upward. This is a value of the valves.

98
Q

In the upper limb, deep veins are named:

A

By the artery they run with.

99
Q

In the upper limb, superficial veins are named:

A

By their own unique names.

100
Q

All veins of the upper limb originate on the _________ of the _______.

A

Dorsum of the hand.

101
Q

What is found in the common joint capsule of the elbow?

A
  1. an articulation between the ulna and trochlea of the humerus
  2. An articulation between the radius and the capitulum of the humerus.
  3. An articulation between the radius and ulna. (radioulnar joint)
102
Q

Which articulations make up the “true” elbow joint?

A
  1. Radial bone to capitulum of the humerus.
  2. Ulnar bone to the trochlea of the humerus.
103
Q

The elbow joint Is:

A

Synovial uniaxial hinge joint - does flexion and extension.

104
Q

In the elbow joint, which articulations transfers all the energy from the forearm to the arm?

A

The articulation between the ulna and trochlea of the humerus - providing strength and force.

105
Q

The elbow joint has strong __________ __________.

A

Collateral ligaments.

106
Q

The ulnar collateral ligament limits:

A

ABduction of the elbow.

107
Q

The radial collateral ligament limits:

A

ADduction of the elbow.

108
Q

The radial collateral ligaments attaches to the __________ __________, instead of directly to the ulna. This allows for _________ of the elbow.

A
  1. Annular ligament.
  2. Rotation.
109
Q

At the elbow joint, what will differ between women and men?

A

Carrying angle.

110
Q
A

BMS 301 Upper Limb (1 decks)

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