Lecture Notes Flashcards
Upper limb function:
- Shock absorber.
- Manipulative appendage.
- Muscle usage..
True or false: The upper limb is propulsive and weight-bearing.
FALSE - the upper limb is NOT propulsive and weight baring.
The upper limb has ______ mobility, and ______ stability.
- High.
- Low.
What is the only bony attachment between the upper limb and axial skeleton?
The clavicle.
All movement of the U.L. is directed to manipulate the -
Hand
Define the shoulder, its official name, and the bones in this region.
- Neck to arm.
- Shoulder.
- Clavicle and scapula.
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula.
Define the arm, it’s official name, and bones in this region.
- Shoulder to elbow.
- Brachium.
- Humerus.
Define the forearm, its official name, and the bones in this area?
- Elbow to wrist.
- Antibrachium.
- Radius and ulna.
Define the hand, the official name, and the bones involved?
- Wrist to distal phalanx.
- Manus.
- Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges.
The wrist is associated with which bones?
Carpals.
Which bones is the hand proper associated with?
Metacarpal.
Which bones are associated with the digits?
Phalanges.
___________: Projects the upper limb laterally, and transmits all energy from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
Clavicle.
Which articulation of the shoulder is between sternum and clavicle, is synovial but can function as a ball n socket joint - considered to be a saddle joint.
Sternoclavicular.
___________: Articulates with the clavicle, and is a site of extensive muscle attachment to move the shoulder.
Scapula.
_______________: Articulates with the scapula and is the only bone in the arm.
Humerus.
Which joint is know to be a “saddle joint”?
Sternoclavicular joint.
Information on the sternoclavicular joint/articulation:
- Between the sternum and clavicle.
- Synovial joint + ball and socket jt - called a saddle joint.
- Is very strong + stable as it is supported by a very strong ligament
What occurs if we tear the coracoclavicular ligament?
A shoulder separation.
Information on the arcromioclavicular joint/articulation:
- Is between the clavicle and the acromian of the scapula.
- Is synovial planar gliding.
- Is held together by the coracoclavicular ligament.
The coracoclavicular ligament is associated with which joint?
Acromioclavicular.
Information on the scapulothoracic “articulation”:
- NOT an actual joint.
- Is where the scapula glides along the thoracic cage.
- Scapula floats here - does not have a bone articulation with the ribs.
- Allows for elevation/depression and protraction/retraction of the scapula.
- Additionally does scapula rotation.
What joint is the “true shoulder joint”?
The glenohumeral joint.
Information on the glenohumoral joint:
- True shoulder joint.
- Articulation between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
- Synovial ball + socket.
What primarily stabilizes the glenohumeral joint?
The rotator cuff muscles.
______ of the head of the humerus sits in the __________ _________.
- 1/3 of the head.
- Glenoid fossa.
True or false: The joint capsule surrounding the glenohumeral joint provides a great amount of strength and support.
FALSE.
In which region is the glenohumeral joint strongest, what consequence does this have clinically?
- Is strongest in the posterior superior area.
- Causing most injuries to occur in the anterior inferior direction - causing a squared off look during dislocation.
Function of the glenoid labrum?
Glenoid labrum is a ring of cartilage that deepens the glenoid fossa, providing more stability to the glenohumeral joint - WITH OUT LIMITING MOVEMENT.
What is the most broken bone in the upper limb, and why?
The clavicle, because it transfers all of the energy from the U.L. to the axial skeleton.
Shoulder dislocation occurs at which joint?
The glenohumeral joint.
The axiohumeral muscles consist of the ____________ _______ and the ____________ _______ muscles, that both come off of the sternum/ribs/spine.
- Pectoralis major m.
- Latissimus Doris m.
Information on the pectoralis major muscle - Attachments, action, innervation:
- A = sternum or clavicle.
- B = Bicipital groove of the humerus.
- Action = Powerful adduction, some flexion, extension, and rotation of the shoulder.
- Innervation = Med. and Lat. Pectoral nerves.
Information on the latissimus Dorsi muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Spinous processes of T7-L5.
- B = Bicipital groove of humerus.
- Muscle belly is posterior.
- Action = Powerful shoulder extension, can also adduct and medially rotate.
- Innervation = Thoracodorsal nerve.
Axioscapular muscles:
- Pectoralis minor muscle.
- Trapezius muscle.
- Levator scapulae muscle.
- Rhomboids muscle.
- Serratus anterior muscle.
Information on the pectoralis minor muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = upper ribs.
- B = coracoid process of scapula.
- Action = stabilize the scapula and assist in respiration.
- Innervation = Med. and Lat. pectoral nerves.
Information on the trapezius muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = spinous processes C1-T12.
- B = Spine of the scapula/acromian/Clavicle.
- Action = Elevate, retract, and upward rotation of the scapula.
- Innervation = CN XI accessory.
Information on levator scapulae muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Upper transverse processes.
- B = Superior angle of the scapula.
- Action = Elevate scapula.
- Innervation = Dorsal scapular nerve.
Information on rhomboids muscles - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = midline of back.
- B = Medial border of scapula.
- Action = retraction of the scapula.
- Innervation = Dorsal scapular nerve.
Information on serratus anterior muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Anterolateral ribs.
- B = Medial border of scapula.
- Action = Abduction of the scapula, holds scapula against ribs, and respiration.
- Innervation = Long thoracic nerve.
If the long thoracic nerve was severed, how would this present clinically and why?
The scapula would appear winged because we would lose function to the serratus anterior muscle, that works to hold the scapula against the thoracic cage.
Scapulohumoral muscles:
- Deltoids.
- Teres major muscle.
- Rotator cuff muscles.
What are the rotator cuff muscles?
All supply strength and support to the glenohumeral joint:
1. Teres minor muscle.
2. Infraspinotus muscle.
3. Supraspinous muscle.
4. Subscapular muscle.
Information on the deltoids muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Deltoid tuberosity.
- B = Spinal head, clavicular head, acromial head.
- Innervation = Axillary nerve.
The function of the ________ head of the deltoids muscle is shoulder flexion.
- Clavicular head.
The function of the _________ head of the deltoids muscle is abduction.
acromial head.
The function of the ___________ head of the deltoids muscle is arm extension.
Spinal head.
Information on the Teres major muscle - attachments, action, innervations:
- A = Posterior scapula.
- B = Bicipital groove of the humerus.
- Action = Adduction, medial rotation of the scapula.
- Innervation = Lower subscapular nerve.
Information on the Teres Minor muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Posterior + inferior scapula.
- B = Posterior greater tubercle of the humerus.
- Action = Lateral rotation of the humerus.
- Innervation = Axillary nerve.
Information on the infraspinatus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
- B = Posterior greater tubercle.
- Action = Lateral rotation.
- Innervation = suprascapular nerve.
Information on the supraspinatus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Superior scapula.
- B = Superior greater tubercle of the humerus.
- Action = abduction.
- Innervation = Suprascapular nerve.
Information on the subscapularis muscle - Attachments, actions, innervation:
- A = Anterior scapula.
- B = Anterior lesser tubercle of the humerus.
- Action = Medial rotation.
- Innervation = Upper and lower subscapular nerve.
The lower subscapular nerve innervates both the _________ _________ and _____________ muscles, while the upper subscapular nerve only innervates the _____________.
- Teres major muscle.
- Subscapularis muscle.
- Subscapularis muscle.
Which muscles attach to the Bicipital groove of the humerus?
- Latissimus dorsi muscle.
- Pectoralis major muscle.
- Teres major muscle.
What are the borders of the axilla (armpit)?
- Anterior border - Pectoralis major and
minor muscles. - Medial border - Ribs, serratus anterior muscle, and subscapularis muscle.
- Posterior border - Latissimus dorsi muscle, teres major muscle.
Fat, lymph nodes, and the neurovascular bundle all exist in what region?
The axilla (armpit)
What is in the neurovascular bundle?
- Axillary artery.
- Axillary vein.
- Brachial plexus.
True or false: Male and female anatomy is the same in the breast, it is just more developed in females due to sex hormones.
TRUE!
__________: a group of mammary glands packed in fat and supported by ligaments borrowed from superficial fascia, and covered with delicate skin.
Breast.
___________: Modified sweat and subaceous glands. This is an accessory sex gland, that produces milk.
Mammary glands.
What do we call the ducts that drain milk and discharge from the mammary glands to the lactiferus sinuses?
Lactiferus ducts.
Deep to the breast there is a layer of:
Deep fascia.
___________ __________ are smalll ligaments made of borrowed C.T. that are very weak, and as we age they break, leading to sagging of the breast.
Suspensatory ligaments
How many lactiferus ducts are there leading out to the nipple?
10-15.
The ________ is a subaceous gland that secretes discharge that helps prevent chaffing of the nipple.
Areola.
In what area of the breast do most breast carcinomas occur in?
The superior lateral quadrant that drains into the axillary lymph nodes.
If there is a carcinoma in the medial side of the breast, where will its lymph drainage flow to? Why is this important?
- Parasternal lymph nodes.
- If carcinoma occurs on the medial aspect of the breast it is almost always in both breasts.
In a lumpectomy, surgeons remove:
The mammary glands, lactiferus sinus, and lactiferus ducts that the carcinoma effects.
Why does breast carcinoma have a much higher rate of metastasis compared to prostate carcinoma?
Because the prostate has a thick connective tissue capsule, preventing metastasis, that is not present in the breast.
Breast carcinomas are often confined to the:
Mammary duct.
The brachial plexus supplies the body wall and upper limbs with _________, _________, and ____________ innervation.
- Motor.
- Sensory.
- Autonomics.
A plexus is:
A network of Ventral Rami.
The brachial plexus originates from Ventral Rami of which cervical regions?
C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.
Motor cell bodies of the brachial plexus are in the:
CNS - Ventral horn of the spinal cord.
Sensory cell bodies of the brachial plexus are in the:
PNS - Dorsal root ganglion.
Which branch off of the brachial plexus supplies most of the shoulder?
Axillary nerve.
_________ nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus that supplies most of the posterior arm and forearm.
Radial nerve.
A patient comes into the emergency room complaining of loss of sensation and paralysis of the posterior arm and forearm. What is your primary concern?
Damage to the radial nerve.
Which branch off of the brachial plexus supplies most of the anterior forearm and thumb?
Median nerve.
What would occur if the median nerve is severed, clinically?
Loss of sensation, movement, and autonomics to the anterior arm and thumb.
A ____________ injury occurs to the nerves branching off of the brachial plexus, and cannot be traced back to a distinct Ventral Rami.
Peripheral.
A ___________ injury occurs close to midline, and based on symptoms, can indicate precisely which Ventral Rami are involved with injury.
Segmental injury.
Segmental innervation to the muscles, where a specific Ventral Rami innervates a specific portion of muscle, is called -
Myotomes.
Segmental innervation to the skin, where a specific Ventral Rami innervates a specific portion of the skin, is called -
Dermatomes.
The musculocutaneous nerve segmentally innervates the ________ _________, via ___/___/___.
- Biceps brachii muscle.
- C5, C6, C7.
True or false: Nerves of the brachial plexus can be either sensory or motor, and can also be mixed innervation.
FALSE - Nerves of the brachial plexus all supply mixed sensory and motor innervation.
________ blood supply is high pressure and low volume.
Arterial.
________ blood supply is low pressure and high volume.
Venous.
Flow of blood to the left arm:
- Aorta.
- Left subclavian artery.
- Axillary artery.
- Brachial artery.
- Brachial artery gives off the profunda brachii artery, ulnar artery, and radial artery.
- Radial artery splits into the deep palmer arch, that then turns into the digital arteries.
- Ulnar artery turns into the superficial palmar arch, which turns into the metacarpal arch, and then finally the digital arteries.
In the hand there is a distinct functional anastamosis between the:
Deep palmar arch and the superficial palmar arch.
Blood flow to the right arm differs from the left because the right subclavian artery branches off of the ____ ___________ _______.
Right subclavian artery.
Lateral border of the subclavian arteries:
1st rib.
The internal thoracic artery, vertebral arteries, and the thyrocervical arteries are all branches off of the:
Subclavian artery.
The internal thoracic artery supplies blood to the
Thorax.
The vertebral arteries supply blood to the:
Brain.
The thyrocervical arteries supply blood to the:
Thyroid and cervical viscera.
The axillary artery spans from the __________ to the _______ _______ muscle.
- 1st rib.
- Teres major muscle.
Branches of the axillary artery:
- Thoracoacromial trunk - to the lateral thoracic cage, pectorals, and acromial.
- Lateral thoracic artery - to the serratus anterior muscle.
- Subscapular artery - to the subscapular region.
Brachial artery has one distinct branch called the ________ ________, that goes to the entire arm both posteriorly and anteriorly.
Profunda brachii artery.
What is unique about the profunda brachii artery?
It wraps posteriorly along the shaft of the humerus with the brachial nerve.
Distal to the elbow, the brachial artery splits into the:
- Radial artery.
- Ulnar artery.
The _______ artery is medial, supplying the medial and anterior forearm. This supply’s muscles of adduction and flexion of the wrist.
Ulnar.
The ________ artery is lateral, supplying the lateral and posterior forearm. This artery supplies muscles of abduction and extension of the wrist.
Radial.
The radial artery turns into the:
Deep palmer arch, in the deep hand.
The ulnar artery turns into the:
Superficial palmer arch, in the superficial hand.
What is unique about the relationship between the deep palmer arch and the superficial palmer arch of the hand?
They have a distinct functional anastamosis between them.
True or false: The subclavian artery passes underneath the clavicle and above the 1st rib at the same time, posing the risk of impingement.
TRUE!
True or false: Deep veins in the hand have valves, while superficial veins in the hand do not.
FALSE: all veins of the upper limb have valves.
The veins of the upper limb run in pairs, with an artery in between them, all wrapped in a sheath of connective tissue. This is called:
Venae comitantes.
Why is it important that veins in the upper limb run vena comitantes?
Because when blood pulses through the artery, it places pressure on the veins up against the C.T. sheath, forcing venous blood upward. This is a value of the valves.
In the upper limb, deep veins are named:
By the artery they run with.
In the upper limb, superficial veins are named:
By their own unique names.
All veins of the upper limb originate on the _________ of the _______.
Dorsum of the hand.
What is found in the common joint capsule of the elbow?
- an articulation between the ulna and trochlea of the humerus
- An articulation between the radius and the capitulum of the humerus.
- An articulation between the radius and ulna. (radioulnar joint)
Which articulations make up the “true” elbow joint?
- Radial bone to capitulum of the humerus.
- Ulnar bone to the trochlea of the humerus.
The elbow joint Is:
Synovial uniaxial hinge joint - does flexion and extension.
In the elbow joint, which articulations transfers all the energy from the forearm to the arm?
The articulation between the ulna and trochlea of the humerus - providing strength and force.
The elbow joint has strong __________ __________.
Collateral ligaments.
The ulnar collateral ligament limits:
ABduction of the elbow.
The radial collateral ligament limits:
ADduction of the elbow.
The radial collateral ligaments attaches to the __________ __________, instead of directly to the ulna. This allows for _________ of the elbow.
- Annular ligament.
- Rotation.
At the elbow joint, what will differ between women and men?
Carrying angle.
The ulnar groove of the elbow contains the _________ nerve, that is _____________, posing the risk of the nerve rolling out of the groove.
- Ulnar nerve.
- Superficial.
What is the proper name for tennis elbow?
Lateral epicondylitis.
What is lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)?
It is an inflammation of the A attachments of muscles of wrist extension - which is the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
True or false: The radial ulnar joint is found at the distal end of the forearm only.
FALSE - There are two radial-ulnar joints, one at the proximal forearm and one at the distal forearm.
What type of joint is the radial-ulnar joints?
Synovial rotational.
The ulna transfers energy from the _________ to the ____________, while the radius transfers energy from the __________ to the ___________.
- forearm.
- Arm.
- Hand.
- Forearm.
Which structure ties the ulna and radius together, and allows energy to be transferred between the two bones via stretching.
The interosseus membrane.
Muscles that act on the elbow can do:
Flexion and extension.
Muscles that act on the forearm can do:
Flexion, extension, pronation, and supination (rotation). - Using both the elbow joint and the radial-ulnar joints.
Muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm (brachium)?
- Coracobrachilis muscle.
- Brachialis muscle.
- Biceps brachii muscle.
Information on the coracobrachialis muscle - attachments, action, and innervation:
- A = coracoid process of the scapula.
- B = Humerus.
- Action = Adducton and flexion of the arm.
- Innervation = Musculocutaneous nerve.
Information on the brachialis muscle - attachments, action, and innervation:
- A = Humerus.
- B = Ulna.
- Primary elbow flexor.
- Innervation - musculocutaneous muscle.
Which muscle is the primary elbow flexor?
Brachialis muscle.
Information on the long head of the biceps brachii muscle - Attachments, action, and innervation:
- Long head A = Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
- B = radial tuberosity of the radius.
- Action = Shoulder flexion and adduction.
- Innervation = musculocutaneous nerve.
Information on the short head of the biceps brachii muscle - attachments, action, and innervation:
- Short head A = coracoid process of the scapula.
- B = radial tuberosity of the radius.
- Action = Primary supinator.
- Innervation = Musculocutaneous nerve.
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm:
Triceps brachii muscle.
Information on the long head of the triceps brachii muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
- B = Olecrannon process of the ulna bone.
- Action = Strong elbow extensor and shoulder extensor.
- Innervation = Radial nerve.
Information on the short head of the triceps brachii muscle - attachments, actions, and innervation:
- A = Humerus.
- Olecrannon process of the ulna bone.
- Action = Elbow extension.
- Innervation = radial nerve.
Information on the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle - attachments, actions, and innervation:
- A = Humerus.
- B = Olecrannon process.
- Action = elbow extension.
- Innervation = radial nerve.
The ______________ joint is between the radius and scaphoid/lunate bones, with the scaphoid bone making up more of the distal articulation.
Radiocarpal joint.
What is the most broken carpal bone and why?
The scaphoid bone, since it is the primary bone articulating with the radius in the radiocarpal joint. Almost all energy moving from the hand to the forearm must travel through this joint.
How can a fracture of the scaphoid bone cause necrosis?
By severing a branch of the radial artery that runs along the scaphoid.
What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint? What movements can it do?
- Synovial planar gliding.
- Flexion/extension, Abduction/adduction.
What is a dinner fork deformity caused by?
A fracture to the distal radius.
Information on the intercarpal joints:
- All housed in one joint capsule.
- Synovial planar gliding.
- Increases range of motion of the radiocarpal joint.
The _________ ____________ is a deep fascia that prevents tendons of anterior arm muscles from bowstringing.
Flexor retinaculum.
Proximal flexor retinaculum is __________.
Superficial.
Distal flexor retinaculum is important for:
- Tie the carpal bones together.
- Creates a fibroosseus tunnel for the long flexor tendons and median nerves.
- This creates the carpal tunnel.
Inflammation of the carpal tunnel will cause:
Compression of the median nerve, causing loss of muscle function in the thumb, as well as loss of sensation to the hand.
What structure is a distal attachment for many intrinsics of the hand:
The distal flexor retinaculum.
In which digits are the carpometacarpal joints synovial planar gliding, and remain in the same joint capsule as the intercarpal joints?
Digits 2-5.
What is unique about the carpometacarpal joint of digit 1?
- It distinguishes us from apes.
- It is a synovial - saddle joint.
- It is between the trapezium and metacarpal 1 only.
- Does flexion/extension, rotation, and adduction/abduction.
Which joints make up the knuckles?
Metacarpo-phalangeal joints.
metacarpo-phalangeal joints of digits 2-5 can do which movements:
Flexion/extension and abduction/adduction. But it cannot do adduction/abduction when in flexion.
Metacarpo-phalangeal joint of digit 1 can do which movements?
Flexion and extension only.
Interphalangeal joints can only do:
Flexion and extension.
What is different about the interphalangeal joint of digit one?
There is only one in this digit, whereas digits 2-5 have two joints.
Which joint allows for opposition movement of the pollucis (thumb) and digiti minimi (pinky)?
Carpometacarpal joint.
General information on the flexor muscles of the forearm?
- All are in the anterior arm.
- All are innervated by the median nerve.
- A = medial epicondyle of the humerus.
General information on the extensor muscles of the forearm?
- All in the posterior forearm.
- All are innervated by the radial nerve.
A = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
True or false: If a flexor or extensor of the hand distally attaches to the phalanx, but still crosses the wrist joint, intercarpal joints, etc, it will have the same action on all joints it crosses.
TRUE.
Which muscles of the forearm act primarily on the forearm? What do these muscles primarily do?
- Brachioradialis.
- Pronator teres.
- Pronator quadratus.
- Supinator.
Primarily do supination and pronation.
Which muscles of the forearm act on the wrist?
- Flexor carpi ulnaris.
- Flexor Carpii radialis.
- Palmmaris longus.
- Extensor Carpii unlaris.
- Extensor Carpii radialis brevis.
- Extensor Carpii radialis longus.
Which muscle is the primary supinator?
Biceps brachii.
Information on brachioradialis muscle - Attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
- B = Styloid process of the radius.
- Action = Supination and elbow flexion.
- Innervation = radial nerve.
Information on the pronator teres muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Midshaft radius.
- Action = pronation.
- Innervation = median nerve.
Information on pronator quadratis muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Ulna.
- B = radius.
- Action = Pronation.
- Innervation = median nerve.
Information on supinator muscle - Attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Radius - lays right against it.
- Action = supination.
- Innervation = radial nerve.
Information on the flexor carpii radialis muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Metacarpals 2 and 3.
- Action = Flexion and abduction of the wrist.
- Innervation = Median nerve.
Information on the flexor carpii ulnaris muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = 5th metacarpal.
- Action = Flexion and adduction of the wrist.
- Innervation = Ulnar nerve.
Information on palmaris longus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Palmer aponeurosis.
- Action = Flexion of the wrist.
- Innervation = median nerve.
Information on the extensor carpii ulnaris muscle - attachments, actions, innervation:
- A = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = 5th metacarpal.
- Action = extension and adduction of the wrist.
- Innervation = radial nerve.
Information on extensor carpii radialis longus muscle - attachments, actions, innervation:
- A = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = 2nd metacarpal.
- Action = extension and abduction of the wrist.
- Innevation = radial nerve.
Which muscles of the forearm act on the digits?
- Flexor digitorum profundus muscle.
- Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.
- Extensor digitorum muscle.
- Extensor indicis muscle.
- Extensor digitii minimii muscle.
Information on the flexor digitorum profundus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- B = distal phalanx of digits 2-5.
- Action = Flexion of digits (And all joints it crosses)
- Innervation = 1/2 median nerve 1/2 radial nerve.
Information on the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle - attachments, actions, innervation:
- A = Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Middle phalanges of digits 2-5.
- Action = Flexion of the digits (and every joint it crosses)
- Innervation = Median nerve.
What is the only muscle that can flex the distal interphalangeal (IP) joints of the digits?
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle.
Information on extensor digitorum muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Distal and middle phalanges.
- Action = Extension on the digits (and every joint it crosses)
- Innervation = radial nerve.
What is unique about the distal attachments of the extensor digitorum muscle?
It has 2 bands that attach to the distal phalanx, and 1 band that attaches to the middle phalanx. Where they split is the where ligaments fan out, making the extensor expansion.
Information on the extensor indicis muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Extensor digitorum of digit 2.
- Action = extension of digit 2.
- Innervation = radial nerve.
Information on the extensor digitii minimii muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
- B = Extensor digitorum of digit 5.
- Action = Extension of digit 5.
- Innervation = Radial nerve.
Information on the flexor policis longus muscles - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Anterior radius.
- B - Distal phalanx of digit #1
- Action = flexion of digit 1.
- Innervation = Median nerve.
Information on Abductor pollicis longus muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- B = 1st metacarpal.
- Action = abduction of digit 1.
- Innervation = Radial nerve.
Information on Extensor pollicis longus - Attachments, action, innervation:
- B = Proximal phalanx of digit #1.
- Action = Extension of digit #1.
- Innervation = Radial nerve.
Information on extensor pollicis brevis - attachments, action, innervation:
1.B = Proximal phalanx of digit #1.
2. Action = extend digit #1.
3. Innervation = radial nerve.
Which muscles distally attach to the distal phalanx of digit #1?
- Flexor pollicis longus.
- Extensor pollicis longus.
Which muscles are outcropping muscles?
- Abductor pollicis longus muscle.
- Extensor pollicis longus muscle.
- Extensor pollicis brevis.
Which nerve allows for grip of the hand?
Median.
Thenar muscles are innervated by?
Median nerve.
Hypothenar muscles are innervated by?
Ulnar nerve.
Middle hand intrinsics are innervated by?
Ulnar nerve.
Which thenar muscle is not innervated by median nerve? What is it’s innervation?
Adductor pollicis is innervated by ulnar nerve, not median nerve.
Information of the Adductor pollicis muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = 2nd and 3rd metacarpals.
- B = Proximal pahalnx of digit 1.
- Action = Adduct the first digit.
- Innervation = Ulnar nerve.
Information on the abductor pollicis brevis muscle - attachments, action, innervation :
- A = distal flexor retinaculum.
- B = Proximal phalanx of digit #1.
- Action = Abduct the 1st digit.
- Innervation = median nerve.
Information on the flexor pollicis brevis muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = distal flexor retinaculum.
- B = Proximal phalanx of digit #1.
- Action = flexion of the 1st digit.
- Innervation = Median nerve.
Information on the opponens pollicis muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = distal flexor retinaculum.
- B = 1st metacarpal.
- Action = opposition of the 1st metacarpal.
- Innervation = Median nerve.
Information on opponins digitii minimii muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Distal flexor retinaculum.
- B = 5th metacarpal.
- Action = Opposition of the 5th digit.
- Innervation = ulnar nerve.
Information on the abductor digitii minimii muscle - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = distal flexor retinaculum.
- B = Proximal phalanx of digit #5.
- Action = Abduction of the 5th digit.
- Innervation = Ulnar nerve.
Information on the flexor digitii minimii muscle - Attachments, action, innervation:
- A = Distal flexor retinaculum.
- B = Proximal phalanx of digit #5.
Action = flexion of the 5th digit.
innervation = ulnar nerve.
Information the lumbricles - attachments, action, innervation:
- A = tendon of flexor digitorum profundus.
- B = Extensor expansion.
- Action: all of them will flex the MP joint, while extending the IP joints. Lumbricles of digits 4-5 will adduct, lumbricles of 2-3 will abduct.
- Innervation: Ulnar nerve.
Which muscles can flex the metacarpophalangeal joint, while extending the interphalangeal joints?
Interosseis (or singular interosseous) and lumbricles(or singular lumbricle)
Information on the interossei muscles - attachments, actions, innervation:
- A= metacarpals.
- B = extensor expansion.
- Action = Palmar interossei will adduct the digits, dorsal will abduct. All of them will allow for flexion of MP joint, while flexing IP joints.
- Innervation = ulnar nerve.
Lumbricles and interossei’s balance the forces of ___________________ and _________________, at the interphalangeal joints - causing flexion of the ______, while having extension of the ______.
- Flexor digitorum profundus.
- Extensor digitorum.
- MP.
- IP.
