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Pharm Exam 4 > lecture notes > Flashcards

lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

circulation pathways

A

pulmonary
cardiac
systemic

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2
Q

stroke volume x heart rate =

A

cardiac output

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3
Q

SNS

A

↑ HR, cardiac contractility, tension of blood vessels

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4
Q

PNS

A

↓ HR

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5
Q

atherosclerosis

A

lipid deposits on lining of arteries

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6
Q

causes of atherosclerosis

A

injury to lining
- HTN, smoking, environmental exposure

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7
Q

thrombosis

A

clot due to vessel wall damage/ turbulent of stagnant flow

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8
Q

hypercoagulability

A

excessive clotting

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9
Q

causes of hypercoagulability

A

congenital or acquired

autoimmune, cancer, myeloproliferative disorders (thrombocytopenia), sickle cell disease, polycythemia vera, oral contraceptives, vascular changes in late stage of pregnancy

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10
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot w/in vascular system that impedes flow of blood

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11
Q

embolus

A

any plug of material (thrombi, air, neoplasm, microorganism, amniotic fluid) that travels and can obstruct the lumen of a vessel

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12
Q

thromboembolus

A

blood clot that breaks off and travels

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13
Q

infarct

A

area of necrosis resulting from insufficiency of blood supply - results in loss of function of affected tissue

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14
Q

infarction

A

process of obstructing a vessel

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15
Q

classifications of shock

A

cardiogenic
hypovolemic
massive system vasodilation

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16
Q

causes of cardiogenic shock

A

MI is leading cause
any condition that leads to inefficiency

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17
Q

causes of hypovolemic shock

A

hemorrhage
burns
diarrhea
polyuria - like in DI

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18
Q

massive systemic vasodilation

A

septic
neurogenic
anaphylactic

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19
Q

s/s of shock

A

chest pain, SOB, labored breathing, diaphoresis, N/V

20
Q

risk factors of MI

A

family hx, HTN, smoking, cholesterol levels, comorbid DM

21
Q

MI

A

total occlusion of coronary arteries
results in ischemia/death of myocardial tissues

22
Q

cause of MI

A

atherosclerosis

23
Q

heart failure

A

heart is unable to maintain blood circulation/meed demand of tissues and organs

24
Q

HF causes

A

secondary to other conditions

MI, heart defects, infection, HTN, inflammation of heart tissue, fluid volume overload, anemia

25
Q

L sided HF s/s

A

fluid in lungs - pulm edema
bilat rhonchi/crackles in base

26
Q

R side HF causes

A

L sided HF
lung injury
infections
inflammation
pulm edema

27
Q

types of lipids

A

triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

28
Q

triglycerides

A

major storage form of fat in body
important energy source

29
Q

phospholipids

A

essential to building plasma membranes

30
Q

steroids

A

cholesterol is most known

building blocks of biochemicals: vitamin D, bile acids, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

31
Q

lipoproteins

A

transport lipids through bloodstream

32
Q

LDL

A

major contributor to CAD
leads to plaque buildup and atherosclerosis

33
Q

decreasing LDL decreases incidence of

A

CAD

34
Q

HDL

A

interacts w bile and excreted into feces

35
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

high levels of lipid

36
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

form of hyperlipidemia

37
Q
A

abnormal levels of lipoproteins

38
Q

causes of hyperlipidemia

A

diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, refined carbs
lack of exercise

inherited or acquired

39
Q

diuretic

A

furosemide

↑ urine output = ↓ fluid volume

40
Q

ACE inhibitor

A
  • rils
    lisinopril

block formation of angiotensin II = vasodilation and block aldosterone secretion = ↓ fluid volume

41
Q

angiotensin receptor blocker
“arbs”

A

losartan

prevent angiotensin II from reaching receptors = vasodilation

42
Q

calcium channel blockers

A

nifedipine, diltiazem

block calcium ion channels in arteries = vasodilation

43
Q

beta-adrenergic antagonists - beta blockers

A

atenolol

↓ HR and myocardial contractility = ↓ cardiac output

44
Q

alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists - alpha blockers

A

doxazosin

inhibit SNS activation in arterioles = vasodilation

45
Q

alpha 2 adrenergic agonists

A

clonidine

↓ SNS impulses to heart and arterioles = vasodilation

46
Q

direct acting vasodilators

A

hydralazine

act on smooth muscle of arterioles = vasodilation

Pharm Exam 4 (3 decks)

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