lecture notes Flashcards
four major secretory cells found in stomach
- mucous cells
- parietal cells
- chief cells
- G cells
parietal cells
secrete hydrochloric acid, needed to activate pepsinogen
nutrition
process of ingesting/utilizing nutrients for energy
lg intestine
absorbs water/eliminates waste
metabolism allows chemical reactions that
- produce heat to maintain body temp
- conduct neural impulses
- contact muscles
carbohydrate metabolism
generates ATP
lipid metabolism
energy storage and release
protein metabolism
provides amino acids
carbohydrates
provide energy
fat-soluble vitamines
A, D, E, K
water-soluble
all other vitamins
macrominerals
sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfer
microminerals
iron, zinc, fluoride, copper
hypothalamus
regulates hunger/satiety
digestive system is essential for:
- digesting/extracting macronutrients
- absorbing nutrients
- forming barrier against microorganisms/foreign materials
produce/secrete digestive enzymes
salivary glands, pancreas, liver
needed for elimination
- motility/patency
- neuromuscular signaling
- adequate perfusion
primary roles of kidneys
- regulation of body fluids
- balance btwn acids/basis
kidneys
- filter water-soluble substances from blood
- reabsorb filtered nutrients, water, electrolytes
- secrete waste
should not be present in urine
glucose, ketones, nitrite, bacteria, leukocyte esterase, crystals, stones, protein
visceral pain
- radiating/generalized
- difficult to determine precise location
somatic pain
- sharp, intense, localized to specific site
- caused by injury to abd wall/parietal peritoneum
referred
- felt at location different from origin of pain
- caused by sharing a common afferent pathway btwn organ of pain and referred location
labs for kidney disease
CFR, CMP, BUN, creatinine, urinalysis, CBC
PUD/GERD labs
liver, kidney, CBC, platelets, electrolytes
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
hypothalamus - posterior pituitary
promotes water reabsorption (retention of fluids)
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
hypothalamus
controls release of pituitary hormones
epinephrine | norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
transmits neural impulses
glucagon
pancreatic islet cells
stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase glucose in blood
glucocorticoids (cortisol)
adrenal cortex
affects metabolism of all nutrients, regulates blood glucose levels, has anti-inflammatory properties
growth hormone (GH)
anterior pituitary
stimulates growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, inhibits carbohydrate metabolism
brainstem
coordinates actions of AND, cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and catecholamines are produced
ANS
HR, BP, RR ↑
pupils dilate
sweating ↑
cerebral cortex
regulates cognitive activities
- intense focus, planning, attention, persistence
limbic system
regulates emotions and stimulates reticular activating system
- fear, anxiety, anger, excitement
thalamus
intensifies sensory input related to stressor
- vision, hearing, smell
hypothalamus
releases hormones to initiate neuroendocrine response; acts of ANS
reticular activating system
↑ alertness and muscle tension and contributes to stimulation or ANS
altered hormone function dx tests
blood, urine, CT, MRI for tumor dx, genetic testing
SIADH symptoms
hyponatremia, hypotonicity, ↓ urine volume, highly concentrated urine
edema is uncommon
most common cause of hypothyroidism
Graves disease
glucocorticoid deficiency symtoms
hypoglycemia, weakness, poor stress response, fatigue, anorexia, N/V, weight loss, personality changes
mineralocorticoid deficiency symptoms
dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, weakness, fatigue, shock
androgen deficiency symptoms
sparse axillary and pubic hair
Addison’s dx test
electrolyte levels, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, serum corticosteroid levels
endocrine pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagon
exocrine pancreas
secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline fluids throughout pancreatic duct into duodenum
pancreatic islet
alpha cells
secrete glucagon
pancreatic islet
beta cells
secrete insulin
with insulin, secretion is ↑ when there are elevations in:
- blood glucose
- amino acids
- potassium, phosphate, magnesium
- glucagon, gastrin
situations that cause ↓ in insulin secretion
- low blood glucose
- ↑ levels of insulin
- stimulation of alpha cells
type 1 DM s/s
3 Ps
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia
nocturne, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, blurred vision
type 2 DM s/s
often insidious/non specific
sometimes same as type 1: 3 Ps
visual changes, changes in kidney function, CAD, PVD, recurrent infections, neuropathy
type 2 tx
weight control, oral glycemics, insulin replacement, exercise
type 1 DM tx
glycemic control, exercise, insulin replacement
adrenal cortex hyper secretion
Cushing’s disease
adrenal cortex hypo secretion
Addison’s disease
gonads - estrogen hypo secretion
menstrual/metabolic dysfunction
gonads - progesterone hypo secretion
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
gonads - testosterone hypo secretion
hypogonadism
pancreatic islets - insulin - hypo secretion
DM
parathyroid hyper secretion
hyperparathyroidism
parathyroid hyposecretion
hypoparathyroidism
pituitary - ADH hypo secretion
DI (diabetes insipidus)
pituitary ADH hyper secretion
SIADH
pituitary - growth hormone hyposecretio
small stature
pituitary - growth hormone hyper secretion
acromegaly (adults)
pituitary - oxytocin hypo secretion
delayed delivery/lack of milk ejection
thyroid hyper secretion
Grave’s disease
thyroid hyposecretion
myxedema (adults)
classes of steroid hormones
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
long term effects of corticosteroid therapy
behavioral changes, eye changes, immune response, metabolic changes, myopathy, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers
glucogenesis
production of new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules (protein/lipid)
