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Exam 3 > lecture notes > Flashcards

lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

four major secretory cells found in stomach

A
  • mucous cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • G cells
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2
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid, needed to activate pepsinogen

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3
Q

nutrition

A

process of ingesting/utilizing nutrients for energy

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4
Q

lg intestine

A

absorbs water/eliminates waste

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5
Q

metabolism allows chemical reactions that

A
  • produce heat to maintain body temp
  • conduct neural impulses
  • contact muscles
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6
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

generates ATP

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7
Q

lipid metabolism

A

energy storage and release

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8
Q

protein metabolism

A

provides amino acids

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9
Q

carbohydrates

A

provide energy

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10
Q

fat-soluble vitamines

A

A, D, E, K

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11
Q

water-soluble

A

all other vitamins

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12
Q

macrominerals

A

sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfer

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13
Q

microminerals

A

iron, zinc, fluoride, copper

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14
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates hunger/satiety

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15
Q

digestive system is essential for:

A
  • digesting/extracting macronutrients
  • absorbing nutrients
  • forming barrier against microorganisms/foreign materials
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16
Q

produce/secrete digestive enzymes

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver

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17
Q

needed for elimination

A
  • motility/patency
  • neuromuscular signaling
  • adequate perfusion
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18
Q

primary roles of kidneys

A
  • regulation of body fluids
  • balance btwn acids/basis
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19
Q

kidneys

A
  • filter water-soluble substances from blood
  • reabsorb filtered nutrients, water, electrolytes
  • secrete waste
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20
Q

should not be present in urine

A

glucose, ketones, nitrite, bacteria, leukocyte esterase, crystals, stones, protein

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21
Q

visceral pain

A
  • radiating/generalized
  • difficult to determine precise location
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22
Q

somatic pain

A
  • sharp, intense, localized to specific site
  • caused by injury to abd wall/parietal peritoneum
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23
Q

referred

A
  • felt at location different from origin of pain
  • caused by sharing a common afferent pathway btwn organ of pain and referred location
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24
Q

labs for kidney disease

A

CFR, CMP, BUN, creatinine, urinalysis, CBC

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25
Q

PUD/GERD labs

A

liver, kidney, CBC, platelets, electrolytes

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26
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

hypothalamus - posterior pituitary

promotes water reabsorption (retention of fluids)

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27
Q

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

A

hypothalamus

controls release of pituitary hormones

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28
Q

epinephrine | norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla

transmits neural impulses

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29
Q

glucagon

A

pancreatic islet cells

stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to increase glucose in blood

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30
Q

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

adrenal cortex

affects metabolism of all nutrients, regulates blood glucose levels, has anti-inflammatory properties

31
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates growth, protein synthesis, fat metabolism, inhibits carbohydrate metabolism

32
Q

brainstem

A

coordinates actions of AND, cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, and catecholamines are produced

33
Q

ANS

A

HR, BP, RR ↑
pupils dilate
sweating ↑

34
Q

cerebral cortex

A

regulates cognitive activities
- intense focus, planning, attention, persistence

35
Q

limbic system

A

regulates emotions and stimulates reticular activating system
- fear, anxiety, anger, excitement

36
Q

thalamus

A

intensifies sensory input related to stressor
- vision, hearing, smell

37
Q

hypothalamus

A

releases hormones to initiate neuroendocrine response; acts of ANS

38
Q

reticular activating system

A

↑ alertness and muscle tension and contributes to stimulation or ANS

39
Q

altered hormone function dx tests

A

blood, urine, CT, MRI for tumor dx, genetic testing

40
Q

SIADH symptoms

A

hyponatremia, hypotonicity, ↓ urine volume, highly concentrated urine

edema is uncommon

41
Q

most common cause of hypothyroidism

A

Graves disease

42
Q

glucocorticoid deficiency symtoms

A

hypoglycemia, weakness, poor stress response, fatigue, anorexia, N/V, weight loss, personality changes

43
Q

mineralocorticoid deficiency symptoms

A

dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, weakness, fatigue, shock

44
Q

androgen deficiency symptoms

A

sparse axillary and pubic hair

45
Q

Addison’s dx test

A

electrolyte levels, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, serum corticosteroid levels

46
Q

endocrine pancreas

A

secretes insulin and glucagon

47
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

secretes digestive enzymes and alkaline fluids throughout pancreatic duct into duodenum

48
Q

pancreatic islet

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

49
Q

pancreatic islet

beta cells

A

secrete insulin

50
Q

with insulin, secretion is ↑ when there are elevations in:

A
  • blood glucose
  • amino acids
  • potassium, phosphate, magnesium
  • glucagon, gastrin
51
Q

situations that cause ↓ in insulin secretion

A
  • low blood glucose
  • ↑ levels of insulin
  • stimulation of alpha cells
52
Q

type 1 DM s/s

A

3 Ps
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- polyphagia

nocturne, fatigue, lethargy, weight loss, blurred vision

53
Q

type 2 DM s/s

A

often insidious/non specific

sometimes same as type 1: 3 Ps

visual changes, changes in kidney function, CAD, PVD, recurrent infections, neuropathy

54
Q

type 2 tx

A

weight control, oral glycemics, insulin replacement, exercise

55
Q

type 1 DM tx

A

glycemic control, exercise, insulin replacement

56
Q

adrenal cortex hyper secretion

A

Cushing’s disease

57
Q

adrenal cortex hypo secretion

A

Addison’s disease

58
Q

gonads - estrogen hypo secretion

A

menstrual/metabolic dysfunction

59
Q

gonads - progesterone hypo secretion

A

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

60
Q

gonads - testosterone hypo secretion

A

hypogonadism

61
Q

pancreatic islets - insulin - hypo secretion

A

DM

62
Q

parathyroid hyper secretion

A

hyperparathyroidism

63
Q

parathyroid hyposecretion

A

hypoparathyroidism

64
Q

pituitary - ADH hypo secretion

A

DI (diabetes insipidus)

65
Q

pituitary ADH hyper secretion

A

SIADH

66
Q

pituitary - growth hormone hyposecretio

A

small stature

67
Q

pituitary - growth hormone hyper secretion

A

acromegaly (adults)

68
Q

pituitary - oxytocin hypo secretion

A

delayed delivery/lack of milk ejection

69
Q

thyroid hyper secretion

A

Grave’s disease

70
Q

thyroid hyposecretion

A

myxedema (adults)

71
Q

classes of steroid hormones

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, gonadocorticoids

72
Q

long term effects of corticosteroid therapy

A

behavioral changes, eye changes, immune response, metabolic changes, myopathy, osteoporosis, peptic ulcers

73
Q

glucogenesis

A

production of new glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules (protein/lipid)

Exam 3 (3 decks)

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