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The Heart- Mod 15 > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

1
Q

This is a system of blood vessels that is one pump and contains four different chambers and is approximately the size of a fist

A

The Heart

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2
Q

The Heart has two main circulations, This circulation is a short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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3
Q

The Heart has two main circulations, this circulation is a long loop that travels to all parts of the body and back to the heart

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

The heat has two types of vessels, this vessel transports blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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5
Q

The heart has two types of vessels, this vessel transports blood back to the heart

A

Veins

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6
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum between the second rib and the fifth intercostal space

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7
Q

What other organ is the heart fixed to? This is also the organ the heart rests on

A

Diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the double walled sac called that the heart is enclosed in that protects, anchors and prevents overfilling?

A

The Pericardium

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9
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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10
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium on the external surface of the heart

A

Visceral layer

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11
Q

What fluid filled pericardial cavity separates the layers to decrease friction?

A

Pericardial Cavity

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12
Q

What is another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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13
Q

What is the second layer of the heart that is known as the fibrous skeleton that supports vessels and valves as well as limiting the spread of action potential

A

Myocardium

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14
Q

This final layer of the heart is a continuation with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels

A

Endocardium

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15
Q

What two sections are the chambers of the heart broken into?

A

Atria

Ventricles

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16
Q

This section of the chamber of the heart is the part that receives the blood

A

Atria

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17
Q

This section of the chamber of the heart is the part that is known as the discharging chamber

A

Ventricles

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18
Q

What are the two atria separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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19
Q

What part of the atria increases its volume?

A

Auricles

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20
Q

What are the two ventricles separated by?

A

Interventricular septum

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21
Q

What are the muscles called that ridged in the atrias?

A

Pectinate muscles

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22
Q

What are the three vessels entering the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus

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23
Q

What are the two vessels that enter the left atrium?

A

Right Pulmonary vein

Left Pulmonary vein

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24
Q

What are the walls of the ventricles ridged by?

A

Trabeculae Carneae

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25
Q

What muscles project into the ventricular cavity?

A

Papillary muscles

26
Q

What vessel leaves the right ventricle?

A

Pulmonary trunk

27
Q

What vessel leaves the left ventricle?

A

Aorta

28
Q

What is the pathway of the blood through the heart going into the heart?

A 
Right Atrium
Tricuspid valve
Right ventricle
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Lungs
29
Q

What is the pathway of the blood from the lungs going to the heart

A 
Lungs 
Pulmonary veins
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic semilunar valve
Aorta
Systemic Circulation
30
Q

Which side of the heart pumps more blood?

A

Niether, the left and right side have to pump the same amount of blood, equal blood volume

31
Q

What moves the blood through the heart?

A

A pressure gradient

32
Q

Why is the right side of the heart thinner than the left side of the heart?

A

The right side only has to send the blood to the lungs, the left side of the heart has to send the blood to the entire body

33
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

The supply of blood to the heart itself

34
Q

What are the arteries that supply blood to the heart itself?

A

Right and Left coronary
Marginal
Circumflex
Anterior and Posterior Interventricular arteries

35
Q

What are the veins that supply blood to the heart itself?

A

Small cardiac
Anterior cardiac
Great cardiac veins

36
Q

What do the vavles of a heart ensure?

A

Unidirectional flow of blood

37
Q

What are the two Atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and Bicuspid (or Mitral)

38
Q

What anchors the the AV valves to the papillary muscles?

A

Chordae tendineae

39
Q

What valve prevents the back flow into the atria when the ventricles contract?

A

AV valves

40
Q

What are the two valves that make up semilunar valves?

A

Aortic valve

Pulmonary valve

41
Q

What valve prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles when the ventricle is relaxed?

A

Semilunar valve

42
Q

This is thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium, the cells are weakened

A

Angina Pectoris

43
Q

This is prolonged coronary blockage, the area of cells dies and are repaired with scar tissue that does not contract

A

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

44
Q

The outer layer of the heart that helps protect and anchor it is called

A

Superficial fibrous pericardium

45
Q

Name the three layers of the heart from the inside to the outside

A

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium or Visceral

46
Q

The junction between the atria and the ventricles is marked by the ______ sulcus which is also known as the atriventricular groove

A

Coronary

47
Q

Cardiac muscles have features of both _____ and ____ muscle cells

A

Skeletal

Smooth

48
Q

Just like smooth muscle, cardiac muscles are connected by _____ that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell

A

Gap junctions

49
Q

Gap junctions are the basis for the heart muscle to behave as a functional _____ or as a single coordinated unit

A

Syncytium

50
Q

Cardiac muscles are unique because of their _____ like feature which allows for 3D networking

A

Branched

51
Q

Another unique feature of cardiac muscles is that they are anchored to each other by ______ to prevent cells from separating during contraction

A

Desmosomes

52
Q

The functioning gap junctions and desmosomes make up the ________

A

Intercalated discs

53
Q

Cardiac muscles, like skeletal, are regulated by two ion channels, one for ____ inflow and one for ____ outflow

A

Sodium

Potassium

54
Q

What makes cardiac cells unique from skeletal muscle cells is that cardiac cells have a third channel for ___ inflow

A

Calcium

55
Q

Depolarization of the sarcolemma leads to opening of the voltage gated fast ___ channels and an inflow of ___ ions into the cell

A

Na+

Na+

56
Q

As the inflow of Na+ comes into the cell, it causes the reversal of the membrane potential from ___ to ___

A

-90 mV

+30mV

57
Q

The depolarization wave of Na into the sarcolemma causes a release of ____ ions from the ____________ inside the cell and opens slow ___ channels in the sarcolemma

A

Ca
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Ca2+

58
Q

The surge of Ca2+ _____ the depolarization phase, which can be seen as a plateau in the action potential diagram.

A

prolongs

59
Q

As the first set of Ca2+ prolongs the depolarization phase an even stronger release of ___ happens. This is the basis of the ____ absolute refractory period (250ms)

A

Ca2+

long

60
Q

Just like in skeletal muscle, calcium binds to _______ which regulates access to the active ____ subunit of the thin filaments

A

Troponin

Actin

61
Q

Unlike skeletal muscles, where repolarization is due to inactivation of Na+ and outflow of K+ channels, cardiac muscles are due to a combination of ________ of the Ca2+ channels and opening of the voltage gated ____ channels

A

inactivation

K+

The Heart- Mod 15 (2 decks)

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