Lecture Notes 1 Flashcards
the study of behavior and mental processes, in humans and/or animals
psychology
goals of psychology (3)
explain, predict, and influence thoughts and behavior
expert (PhD) in psychology (clinical, educational, research)
psychologist
the operation of the mind in total (thoughts, memories, dreams, rationale, etc.)
cognitive process
medical doctor who can prescribe medication to patients
psychiatrist
master’s level professional, trained to work with people with mental and emotional issues
therapist
professional who gives advice based on subject matter suited to their skill set
counselor
professional working with different methodologies providing services to groups (economic, physical, mental, social)
social worker
author of “The Psychology of Funeral Service” (1952)
Edward Martin
the helping process - phase 1
family and funeral director enter into a helping relationship
the helping process - phase 2
the building of the helping relationship (warmth, caring, empathy, respect, dignity)
the helping process - phase 3
exploration and assistance of the family
the helping process - phase 4
consolidation and planning
the helping process - phase 5
implementation and action
the helping process - phase 6
conclusion of the funeral process
the helping process - phase 7
post-funeral follow-up
emotion or group of emotions caused by a loss (internal)
grief
outward expression of grief after a loss
mourning
the event of separation or loss that results in the experience of grief; means “torn away”
bereavement
author of “Understanding Grief”
Edgar Jackson
advice or comfort given by clergy members to those people in need of help with their emotional problems or stressful situations
pastoral psychology/counseling
4 categories of loss (Jackson)
-significant other
-part of yourself
-external object
-developmental loss (during development)
and affectional tie that one person or animal forms between themselves and another - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time
attachment
wrote on attachment theory
John Bowlby
4 fundamental principles of attachment theory
-attachment develops early in life
-directed to a few specific individuals
-has tendency to endure for the entirety of life
-not unique to humans but can be animals
types of attachment (3)
secure, avoidant, ambivalent
attachment connected fully and completely
secure attachment
attachment one does not try to keep or pulls away from
avoidant attachment
attachment where one is not sure where they stand with the other
ambivalent attachment
author of “On Death and Dying”
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
5 stages of death and dying
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
process occurring within loss with the aim of loosening the attachment to that which has been lost for appropriate reinvestment; need to be actively involved/engaged
grief work (Lindemann)
studied Cocoanut Grove Fire
Erich Lindemann
5 criteria of grief syndrome (Lindemann)
-somatic distress
-preoccupation with the deceased
-emotion of guilt
-hostile reactions
-inability to function as one had before the loss
(-development of traits similar to the deceased)
Worden’s 4 categories of normal grief
feelings, physical sensations, cognitions, behaviors
anger directed outwards
blame
anger directed inwards
depression
feeling that is highest in elderly widows
loneliness
treasured object that belonged to the deceased
linking object
mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life
depression (clinical)
criteria for diagnosis of clinical depression (4)
-people take notice of your mood
-decrease of interest/activity
-change in eating/weight
-change in sleeping patterns
(symptoms lasting 2 weeks or longer)
the fear of death
thanatophobia
needs of the bereaved (6)
-confirm reality
-establish stability and security
-receive emotional support
-express emotion
-modify emotional ties to the deceased
-provide a basis for building new interpersonal relationships
author of “Mourning and Melancholia”
Sigmund Freud
Freud’s stages of mourning/detachment (4)
-the bereaved must detach or break ties
-form a new identity without the loved one
-the reality of the loss must be confronted
-may be preoccupied with the loss at first, but this is a normal precursor to detachment
Lindemann’s stages of grief work (3)
-emancipation from bondage to the deceased
-adjust to life without the deceased
-form new relationships
Bowlby’s phases of grief (4)
-display shock and numbness
-yearning and searching
-despair and disorganization
-reorganization and recovery
Worden’s Task I of mourning
to accept the reality of the loss
Worden’s Task II of mourning
to process the pain of grief
Worden’s Task III of mourning
to adjust to an environment in which the person/object is no longer present
Worden’s Task IV of mourning
to find an enduring connection with what has been lost in the midst of embarking on a new life
keeping things just as the deceased left them (part of denial of the reality of the loss)
mummification
issues during Task I (4)
-denial of the facts
-distortion (twisted/warped view of the facts)
-denial of the meaning of the loss
-denial through spiritualism
Task II
to process the pain of grief
issues during Task II
-distraction
-making major life changes
-geographical cure
-compulsive behaviors (drugs, alcohol, shopping, workaholism)
Task III
to adjust to a world without the deceased
all the information and beliefs a person holds about their character and beliefs
sense of self
judgement based on sense of self
self esteem
Types of adjustments in Task III
-External (skill set, fill the void)
-Internal (sense of self, self esteem)
-Spiritual
Task IV
To find an enduring connection with the deceased in the midst of embarking on a new life
Hallmark of healing
being able to remember without intense emotions emerging
Wolfelt’s 6 reconciliation needs of mourners
-acknowledge the reality of the death
-embrace the pain of the loss
-remembering the person who died
-developing a new self-identity
-search for meaning
-receive ongoing support from others
Worden’s 7 mediators of mourning
1) Who the person who died was
2) Nature of the attachment
3) How the person died
4) Historical antecedents
5) Personality variables
6) Social variables
7) Concurrent stressors
Mediator 1
Who the person who died was
-relationship to survivor
-how close they were
-age of the deceased
Mediator 2
Nature of the attachment
-strength of attachment
-secure, ambivalent, avoidant
-importance to “self”
-dependency
-conflicts
Mediator 3
How the person died
-NASH / HUMANS
Factors affecting Mediator 3
-proximity
-suddenness
-violent/traumatic
-multiple losses
-preventability
-ambiguous
-stigmatized
Mediator 4
Historical antecedent
-what came before
-how prior losses were handled
-mental health history
-family dynamics
