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GEOL 432 - Mineralogy > Lecture Midterm Study > Flashcards

Lecture Midterm Study Flashcards

1
Q

amorphous

A

lacking a crystalline structure (think obsidian)

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2
Q

mineraloids

A

mineral-like things that lack a long-range crystal structure

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3
Q

metamict

A

disrupted crystal structure

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4
Q

tektites

A

impact melt glasses from meteorites

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5
Q

fulgurites

A

produced by lightning strikes

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6
Q

clinkers

A

burning coal bed fuses surrounding rock (forming ash glasses)

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7
Q

mineral group

A

a set of minerals with the same basic structure but different compositions

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8
Q

pseudotachylite

A

frictional melt at fault zone from intense shearing

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9
Q

specific gravity (G)

A

density of a material divided by the density of water at 4deg C

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10
Q

packing index (def)

A

how tightly the ions are packed in a mineral

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11
Q

packing index (formula)

A

(V_ions / V_cell) * 100

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12
Q

brittle

A

breaks or powders easily

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13
Q

malleable

A

can be pounded out into thin sheets

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14
Q

ductile

A

can be drawn into a wire

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15
Q

sectile

A

may be cut smoothly with a knife

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16
Q

elastic

A

if bent, will spring back

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17
Q

flexible

A

if bent, will not spring back

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18
Q

parting

A

stress-derived, not cleavage-controlled

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19
Q

the ‘chromophore’ elements

A

Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu

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20
Q

color centers

A

depend on having electrons mislocated throughout the structure (i.e. occupying ion spots)

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21
Q

play of color

A

iridescence

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22
Q

luminescence

A

material absorbs one form of energy and reemits it as visible light

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23
Q

triboluminescence

A

material becomes faintly luminous if struck, crushed, scratched, or rubbed

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24
Q

thermoluminescent/incandescent

A

material emits visible light energy as a consequence of being heated

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25
Q

photoluminescent

A

material emits light in response to being exposed to visible or UV light

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26
Q

diamagnetic

A

no element in the mineral contains unpaired electrons

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27
Q

paramagnetic

A

mineral in which magnetic moments of constituent atoms are not mutually aligned (i.e. magnetic moments go everywhere)

28
Q

ferromagnetic

A

mineral with retained magnetic polarity because magnetic moments are systematically aligned

29
Q

exchange coupling

A

locks the magnetic moment of adjacent ions into parallel alignment

30
Q

ferrimagnetic

A

magnetic, but some atoms/ions in adjacent sites have antiparallel magnetic moments (e.g. Magnetite)

31
Q

antiferromagnetic

A

antiparallel spins completely cancel out to yield zero net magnetic moment

32
Q

piezoelectric

A

when deformed, mineral will generate a voltage, so that a positive charge is generated on one side and a negative charge on the other

33
Q

electrostriction

A

the application of a voltage in a piezoelectric mineral to produce a deformation

34
Q

pyroelectric

A

change in temperature causes displacement of positive and negative charges and the development of a voltage

35
Q

Steno’s Law

A

The angles between crystal faces of a given mineral species are constant

36
Q

Hauy found this…

A

Minerals are made up of stacked blocks (unit cells)

37
Q

Number of Bravais lattices

A

14

38
Q

Number of crystal systems

A

6

39
Q

Number of point groups (possible unit cell symmetries)

A

32

40
Q

Number of space groups

A

230

41
Q

How you get space groups

A

Translating the Bravais lattices through 3D space

42
Q

Hauy’s Law

A

Crystal faces cut the crystallographic axes in simple, whole-number ratios

43
Q

Bravais’ Law

A

A face is more commonly developed in a crystal if it intersects a larger number of lattice points

44
Q

Weiss Indices

A

mno

45
Q

Miller Indices

A

(hkl)

46
Q

Cubic Close-Packing

A

ABA

47
Q

Hexagonal Close-Packing

A

ABC

48
Q

Pauling’s Coordination Principle

A

Cations are bound to ions within a polyhedra; the bigger the cation, the larger the CN

49
Q

Pauling’s Electrostatic Valency Principle

A

In a stable ionic structure, the total strength of the valency bonds that reach an anion from all neighboring cations is equal to the charge of the anion

50
Q

Pauling’s Sharing Polyhedral Elements Principle

A

Sharing of edges and faces decreases stability of ionic structures; In a crystal containing different cations, those with large valence and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedral elements

51
Q

Retardation (Delta)

A

= d (n_s - n_f)

52
Q

Birefringence

A

The difference between the indices of refraction of the slow and fast rays

53
Q

Interference colors are produced by…

A

…are produced by interference between the 2 waves (fast and slow) in an anisotropic mineral

54
Q

Extinction angle (EA)

A

The angle between the length or cleavage of a mineral and one of the mineral’s vibration directions

55
Q

With accessory plate, if retardations ADD…

A

slow (plate) on slow (mineral)

56
Q

With accessory plate, if retardations CANCEL…

A

slow (plate) on fast (mineral)

57
Q

Length Slow

A

The slow ray vibrates more-or-less parallel to the length of an elongate mineral (Positive Elongation)

58
Q

Length Fast

A

The fast ray vibrates more-or-less parallel to the length of an elongate mineral (Negative Elongation)

59
Q

Pleochroism

A

Anisotropic property; change of color on rotation (with only lower polarizer)

60
Q

Index of Refraction (Definition)

A

A measure of how much the light will be bent, is a function of velocity (high means low velocity)

61
Q

Index of Refraction (Formula)

A

n = V_vacuum / V_mineral

62
Q

Frequency (Formula)

A

V / λ

63
Q

Wave Normal

A

A line drawn at right angles to the wave front

64
Q

Snell’s Law gives you…

A

The angle that the light is bent upon passing from material 1 to material 2 is found by…

65
Q

Snell’s Law (Formula)

A

Sin(θ1) / Sin(θ2) = n_2 / n_1

GEOL 432 - Mineralogy (7 decks)

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