Lecture Mid Term 2 Flashcards
What is the locus of a gene
Location of gene
What is a dominant allele
Always expressed
What is a recessive allele
Only expressed if it’s the only allele
What is a co-dominant
2 alleles that are expressed equally
What is incomplete dominance
Both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed
What is a genotype
All the genes of an organism
What is a phenotype
The physical look – what the organism looks like
What is heterozygous
2 different alleles
What is homozygous
2 of the same alleles
What is a centromere
Holds 2 sister chromatids togethrr
What happens during prophase of mitosis?
Sister chromatids crossover
What happens during prometa phase of mitosis
The nuclear membrane disintegrates
What happens during metaphase of mitosis? What lines up on the metaphase plate?
Sister chromitids align on the metaphase plate
What happens during telophase of mitosis?
Nuclear membrane re forms and the chromosomes relax
Are human cells diploid or haploid after mitosis
Diploid
What is the proper name for a rod shaped bacteria
Bacilli
What is the proper name for sphere shaped bacteria
Coccus
Do bacteria have true organelles?
Yes
What is the size of a bacteria compared to a eukaryotic cell?
About 1/10th the size of
What are plasmids?
Double stranded DNA molecules
What kind of genes are on plasmids
Why do they concern scientists
Genes for managing their own lifecycles
Bring antibiotic resistant
What is the shape of the bacterial chromosome?
Circular molecule
What does the flagella do for bacteria
Motility
What are pili
What are fimbriae
Pili- fine hair like microfibers- thick tubular structure
Finbriae- tiny bristle like fibers emerging from the surface of the bacterial cells
What is a capsule for bacteria? What is the benefit to bacteria?
Outer layer of polysaccharides that cover the cells of bacterial species
Protects them from toxic compounds
What is the micro biome
A collection of all the microbes that naturally live in and on our bodies
What is probiotic
Helpful bacteria in the gut
What is pre biotics
Food for probiotics
What are anabolic reactions
Making pathways
What are catabolic reactions
Breaking pathways
What is glycolysis
Glucose breaking
What is Krebs/ citric acid/ TCA cycle (all the same)
Changed carbon backbone in sugar
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic- with oxygen and slowly release more energy
Anaerobic-without oxygen and quickly releases less oxygen
What is electron transport chain?
Electrons are transported from one protein to another through a membrane
Where and how is the majority of ATP made in a cell?
Cellular respiration in mitochondrial matrix
What are the three main shapes of bacteria?
Rod, spiral, spherical
What is the function of the nucleus
DNA storage
In what type of cells would organelles be found?
Eukaryotic cells
What is the shape of eukaryotic chromosomes?
Linear
In which organelle is eukaryotic chromosomes, found
Nucleus
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
Site of lipid synthesis
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
Site of translation, proteins are translated into the lumen
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Shipping center of a cell
What is the function of the lysosome
Digestive vesicles/enzymes
What is mitosis?
Cell division that makes identical daughter cells
How many copies of each chromosome do most eukaryotic cells have?
2
What is diploid?
Two copies of each gene
What is haploid?
Single set of chromosomes
What are homologous chromosomes
Same genes, different alleles
How do alleles differ from genes
Alleles are variations of genes
What is a chromosome?
DNA molecules with genes on them
What is a sister chromatid?
Two chromatid copies of a single chromosome held together at a centromere
What is the locus of a gene?
Where the gene is located
Are human cells diploid, or haploid after meiosis?
Haploid
What is meiosis
Generates genetically different gametes
What is a tetrad
4 - 2 homologous chromosomes
What happens during prophase one of meiosis?
The nuclear envelope breaksdown
What happens during anaphase one and two of meiosis ( what is being pulled apart?)
 homologous chromosomes are separated