Lecture Four; Components of the immune system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

List the primary and secondary lymphoid organs;

A

1) Bone marrow and Thymus

2) NALT
SALT (Skin)
BALT (bronchus)
GALT (payers patches, appendix)
Lymph nodes
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2
Q

Describe drainage of lymph into the blood

A

Rest of body -> Thoracic duct -> Left subclavian vein

Top right quadrant -> Right subclavian vein

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3
Q

Describe DC function in lymphoid organs;

A

DC take up antigens from the blood and present them to naive T and B cells.

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4
Q

During central tolerance what can happen if a B cell is self reactive?

A

Immunoglobulin/receptor gene can be rearranged and the receptor can be tested again. If it continues to self react then it is destroyed.

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5
Q

What is a lymphoid tissue?

A

A tissue in which lymphocytes are found

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6
Q

What are lymphoid tissues usually?

A

Lymphoid tissues are usually groups of follicles that are surrounded or encapsulated by specialised supporting tissues or membranes.

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7
Q

Describe B cell arrangement in lymph nodes;

A

B lymphocytes are localized in the follicles

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8
Q

Describe t cell organization in lymph noes;

A

T lymphocytes are more diffusely distributed in the surrounding paracortical areas

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9
Q

What is also found in B cell follicles?

A

Follicular DC that distribute antigens between neighbouring follicles

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10
Q

What happens if a B cell in a follicle becomes activated?

A

The rest of the B cells move to the edge of the follicle

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11
Q

What occurs at the center of some B cell follicles?

A

B cell follicles contain germinal centres where B cells undergo intense proliferation after encountering their specific antigen and their co-operating T cell.

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12
Q

Describe Th and B cell interplay.

A

B cell with antigen receives signals from Th (reassurance) which allows it to undergo proliferation

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13
Q

Describe B cell and its changing follicular structure in lymph nodes;

A
Primary follicle (naive B cells)
- Activation of some B cells in presence of Th cells.
Secondary follicle (has Mantle of naive B cells)

This forms a germinal centre

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14
Q

What happens in a germinal center?

A

Essentially describes the proliferation of activated B cells

  • Can be divided into light and dark regions.

Starting in the dark region;

  • activated B cell forms proliferating centeroblasts
  • These undergo somatic hypermutation (receptors gain high affinity)
  • These centerocytes migrate to the light center where they undergo negative selection, those that self react are phagocytosed my macrophages.
  • Those that dont self react, differentiate into memory cells and plasma B cells.
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15
Q

What are some extra features of lymph nodes that were not mentioned previously;

A
  • Medullary sinus
  • Medullary cords (macrophages and plasma cells)
  • Marginal sinus (surrounds lymph node)
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16
Q

Describe the spleen;

A
  • Fist sized organ
  • Collects antigen from blood
  • Disposes of senescent RBC
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17
Q

Describe the spleens colouring

A

Mostly Red pulp
Lymphocytes surround the arterioles entering the spleen and form white pulp

White pulp inner region is the peri-arteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALs)

18
Q

Whats in PALs?

A

Containing mainly T cells and the flanking region termed the B cell corona

19
Q

What is GALT?

A

Git associated lymphoid tissue

Inc; Tonsils, appendix, adenoids, peyers patches in SI

20
Q

What is the function of GALT?

A

To collect antigen from epithelial surfaces of the GI tract

21
Q

Whats important about payers patches?

A

Most highly organised of these tissues

Antigen is collected by special cells called multifenestrated or M cells (uses trancytosis to collect antigens)

22
Q

Gives some notes about the thymus and T cell development;

A

CLPs enter the thymus and undergoes thymic selection (+ive and -ive)

23
Q

Describe thymic selection;

A

Two parts +ive and -ive selection ( you should know this by now)

1% thymocytes survive selection

Therefore thymus is significant for T cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Thymic epithelium plays a role in selection mediated by various cytokines

24
Q

Describe the anatomy of the thymus

A

Capsule
Cortical epithelium
Hassals corpuscle
Medullary epithelium

Cells;
Thymocyte precursors
Dividing thymocytes
Maturing thymocyte
DC
macrophage
25
What is hassals corpuscle?
Distinct medullary feature, unknown function although can contain KT cells.
26
Describe thymocyte migration
``` SUBCAPSULAR REGION - Immature double negative CD3,4,8 thymocytes CORTEX - Immature CD3,4,8 double positive thymocytes CORTICOMEDULLARY JUNCTION - Mature CD4 (Th) and CD8(Tk) cells MEDULLA - Venules ```
27
Describe thymocyte epithelial interplay structurally
Epithelial cells of the thymus form a network around the developing thymocytes. Close for selection
28
B cell function and receptors
Antibody production CD 19,20
29
CTL function and receptors
Cytotoxic cells CD8
30
NK/K cells function and receptors
Natural Killer cell Early anti-viral defence Antibody dependant cell mediated cytotoxicity CD 3 Negative CD 16 CD56
31
Th cell function and receptors
Regulator Induction of effector cells (B, CTL, NK) CD4
32
Whats the most common cellular receptor?for lymphocytes?
CD3
33
Whats the receptor for haemopeotic cells?
CD34
34
DC receptors
CD11 Hi CD 123 low
35
pDC receptors
CD 123 hi CD 11 negative
36
Neutrophil receptors;
CD 16, 66 +
37
Basophil receptors :
CD 123+
38
Eosinophil receptors :
CD 66 + CD 16-
39
Monocyte receptor
CD 14
40
What is CD?
Can be: - Receptor - Glycolipid - Lots of differing functions
41
Describe immunotyping blood
1) Get blood sample 2) Seperate mononuclear cells using ficoll gradient 3) Fluoresce with antibody 4) Pass stained sample through laser beam 5) Get cell populations of interest