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Mammals > Lecture (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Lecture (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of communication

A

The provision of a signal (typically containing information) from one animal (the sender) to another animal (the receiver), which has an influence on its behavior

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2
Q

What are the primary forms of communication?

A

Tactile, visual, auditory, chemical

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3
Q

Selection will favor ____ that (on average) benefit the _____.

A

Signals / sender

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4
Q

Selection will favor ____that (on average) benefit the ______. ; however, not all communication does so (manipulation/deceipt)

A

responses / receiver

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5
Q

Signal

A

a packet of energy or matter generated by one individual (sender) which is selected for in its effects in altering the behavior of another individual (receiver).

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6
Q

How do the forms of communication differ?

A

Distance and orientation between sender and reciever.

-time span, information conveyed, and impact of physical environment

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7
Q

What types of information can be conveyed within species?

A 
sex
sexual condition
territory ownership
group membership
social status
motivational state
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8
Q

what type of information can be conveyed between species?

A

predator detection

physical condition

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9
Q

conflict

A

avoid fighting to death

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10
Q

territorial

A

to establish and maintain

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11
Q

sexual interactions

A

mate choice

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12
Q

parent-offspring

A

care and food provision

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13
Q

social integration

A

dominance, hunting, predator defense

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14
Q

environmental information

A

food, predator warning

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15
Q

autocommunication

A

echolocation

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16
Q

signals can be ______ and have more than one ______ or _______.

A

combined / meaning or receiver

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17
Q

Visual communication can mean?

A

conflict
territorialism
social dominance
predator alarm

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18
Q

Example of interspecies communication

A

white-tailed deer flagging

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19
Q

Tactile examples

A

social bonding

induce ovulation

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20
Q

Chemical communication is very______ especially among ______ mammals.

A

common / terrestrial

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21
Q

Chemical communication example

A

many glands occur on the typical mammal

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22
Q

Olfactory communication

A

urine and feces and skin glands

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23
Q

sebaceous

A

oily secretions, long-lasting, used to mark objects

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24
Q

apocrine

A

water-based, volatile, short term

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25
Q

olfactory communication receptors

A

vomeronasal / turbinates length and complexity (amount of surface area is key)

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26
Q

Olfactory communication discrimination

A

species, individual, sex and sexual status, age, mood

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27
Q

olfactory communication reproduction

A 
stimulate mating behavior (pheromones , flehmen)
stimulate estrus
synchronize estrus
prevent estrus or mating behavior
mate choice
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28
Q

How does chemical communication aid in conservation?

A

monitor population, reduce human-wildlife conflicts, influence habitat selection, welfare of captive animals, encourage captive breeding, reducing predation, increasing success of release programs, health status of population, reducing hybridization

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29
Q

What are bear pedal glands?

A

eccrine glands in footpads, apocrine and sebaceous glands in the interdigital, metacarpal, and metatarsal skin, pedal scent contained 26 compounds

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30
Q

why do mongooses use handstand to mark anal glands?

A

using swabs at different heights, determined that females spent more time at higher markings, females have intense intrasexual competition.

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31
Q

Coyotes defend territories thru

A

olfactory signals

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32
Q

What do coyote markings mean?

A

defend territory, feces and urine marking of boundaries, alpha defecate along boundaries

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33
Q

Threats to mammals

A 
human population
habitat destruction
habitat degradation
species exploitation
cultural and religious issues
islands
hybridization
global climate change
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34
Q

Strategies for conservation of mammals

A 
protection
habitat enhancement
captive breeding
reintroduction
cultural shift, education, enforcement
genetic rescue
disease rescue
35
Q

protection example

A

bears, and other carnivores

36
Q

captive breeding example

A

black footed ferrets

37
Q

reintroduction example

A

wolves, river otters

38
Q

cultural shift, education, enforcement example

A

tusks, horns, gall bladder

39
Q

genetic rescue example

A

florida panther

40
Q

disease rescue example

A

tasmanian devil

41
Q

how many states have re-introduced otters

A

21

42
Q

primary cause of mortality for adults: primary 2 factors?

A

species diversity of predators and prey

body size of prey relative to other prey and predator

43
Q

what is the threshold for small ungulates who experience greater predation pressure than large ungulates?

A

150 kg

44
Q

__________for large ungulates, _____ for small ungulates

A

food limitation ; predation

45
Q

what two opposing constaints do large carnivore species face?

A

the need to minimize expenditure while obtaining high rates of food intake.

46
Q

what is the maximum mass for a terrestrial mammalian carnivore?

A

1100 kg

47
Q

as body mass increases above _________kg the achievable net gain rate can be increased by adopting a large ___________ strategy

A

14.5 -21 kg / prey feeding

48
Q

what is the largest terrestrial carnivore

A

short-faced bear

49
Q

Additive predation

A

annual survival is affected by predation

50
Q

compensatory predation

A

mortality due to predation results in lessened mortality from other causes

51
Q

Meadow vole females may produce ____ young annually

A

170

52
Q

how do predators impact prey?

A

reduce prey numbers through predation
change the distribution of prey
increase the biodiversity of prey

53
Q

positive benefits for prey?

A

can limit other predators

improve the herd, even increase prey

54
Q

surplus killing

A

animals killed but not eaten

55
Q

partial prey consumption

A

brown bears and salmon

56
Q

excessive killing

A

killing beyond immediate energetic needs, caching for later (least weasels)

57
Q

intraguild competition

A

mechanism is often killing or intraguild predation

usually base don body size, most evident in canids

58
Q

how can we alter the predator prey relationship?

A

changing the prey numbers, (provide food, shelter, diversity of habitat) changing the numbers of predators in the area (removal, predator pits)`

59
Q

What are the 4 social systems

A

socio-spatial system
mating system
rearing system
dispersal system

60
Q

What are the advantages of being social?

A

easier to find mates
easier to find, and procure food
easier to defend resources from conspecifics
protection from predation

61
Q

Disadvantages of being social

A

more competition for mates
fewer resources per individual
facilitates transmission of disease

62
Q

What causes sarcoptic mange?

A

mites that burrow in the skin

63
Q

Socio - spatial systems

A

non-territorial / territorial

64
Q

non-territorial

A

live in home ranges that overlap with conspecifics, no defense of a territory

65
Q

territorial

A

live in exclusive home ranges that are defended from conspecifics through direct or indirect methods

66
Q

4 main socio spatial systems

A

solitary
pair living
gregarious
communal

67
Q

Solitary

A

No cooperation
most common system among carnivores
only mother-offspring bonds *until independence, few days to couple years
*doesnt mean theyre alone

68
Q

Pair living

A

usually breeding pair holding a territory, most common among canids

69
Q

Gregarious

A

year long groups of individuals not territorial. rare in carnivores, most common among large herbivores

70
Q

communal

A

breeding pair or more with helpers beyond dependent young, usually territorial but not always - most famous cases in carnivores, but very rare

71
Q

socio-spatial gradient

A

where species actually fall on the gradient depends on environment, competitors, etc.

72
Q

Determinants of group living

A

habitat, size of prey, protection from predation, defense of resources, phylogenetic inertia

73
Q

phylogenetic inertia

A

individuals are confined to their heritage (weasels)

74
Q

Resource dispersion hypothesis

A

developed to explain variation in social behavior in solitary species such as red foxes.

75
Q

Dispersal

A

permanent movement from one location to another

76
Q

what are the hypothesis for dispersal

A

inbreeding avoidance
limited resources
intrafamily strife

77
Q

multilvel fission - fusion social system

A

highly complex social systems, long lived intelligent animals

78
Q

cropping by herding species can

A

concentrate forage biomass, stimulate productivity, enhances nutrient content

79
Q

7 types of disease

A

viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, plants, arthropods

80
Q

why is it important we understand disease?

A

regulate populations, structure communities, cause population decline, drive evolution, influence human health

81
Q

what pattern of decline might indicate disease?

A

age class die offs, reduced reprodutive output, pattern of declines indicative of pathogen spread, unusal clinical signs, spatial diffusion, lack of correlation with climatic factors?

82
Q

How does aspect ratio of wing influence bat flight?

A

Aspect ratio; High (long, narrow = fast flight less maneuverability)
Low (short, broad wings = slower flight, more maneuverability)

83
Q

how does wing loading affect bat flight?

A

high (larger bodied bat= stronger faster flight) Low (smaller bodied bat=more lift; slower flight)

84
Q

what can bats determine from returning sound waves?

A

size(angle), direction(timing, angle, patterns), distance and speed(timing and strength)

Mammals (9 decks)

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