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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY > LECTURE-FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

LECTURE-FINAL EXAM Flashcards

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1
Q

denoted by number of protons

A

Z- atomic number

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2
Q

protons+neutrons

A

mass number (A)

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3
Q

a positively charged particle,

A

protons

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4
Q

Z 1 and A 1
symbol
1p1

A

protons

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5
Q

neutral particle

A

neutrons

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6
Q

Z=0 A=1 symbol= 1n0

A

neutrons

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7
Q

negatively charged particle with negligible mass,

A

electrons

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8
Q

symbol= 0e1

A

electrons

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9
Q

What determines the nuclear stability

A

competition between
attractive strong force and repulsive electrostatic force

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10
Q

it is 137 times stronger than the repulsive force but operated only ove rthe short distances within the nucleus

A

strong force

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11
Q

Electrostatic repulsive forces between protons would break
the nucleus apart if not for the presence of an attractive
force called

A

strong force

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12
Q

Exists between all nucleons

A

strong force

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13
Q

consists of protons and neutrons and is found at the center of of all atoms

A

nucleus

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14
Q

-
all atoms have protons and neutrons in their
respective nucleus except for

A

Hydrogen

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15
Q

protons and neutrons are generally called

A

nucleons

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16
Q

*
the study of reactions involving changes in the atomic nuclei

A

nuclear chemistry

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17
Q

Nuclear chemistry began with the discovery of natural radioactivity by

A

Antoine Becquerel

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18
Q

It is further developed through the subsequent investigations by Pierre
and Marie Curie and many others

A

Nuclear chemistry

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19
Q

Applications of nuclear chemistry

A

nuclear bombs
hydrogen bombs
harnessing nuclear energy through the use of nuclear reactors in nuclear power plants

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20
Q

-
atoms having the same atomic number ( and nearly
identical chemical behavior but with different atomic mass or mass
number ( and different physical properties

A

Isotopes

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21
Q

radioactivity is also known as

A

radioactive decay

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22
Q

both are known to as nuclear reactions which differ significantly from ordinary equations

A

Radioactivity
or Radioactive decay and Nuclear Transmutation

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23
Q

a phenomenon in which an unstable nucleus or nuclide emit
particles and or electromagnetic radiation to form a more stable product
or nuclide

A

Radioactivity (Radioactive decay)

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24
Q

The decaying reactant or nuclide is called the the product nuclide is called the

A

parent ; daughter

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25
Q

All elements having an atomic number greater than 83 are

A

radioactive

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26
Q

N/Z<1

A

unstable except 1H1 and 3He2

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27
Q

involves the loss of an α particle from a nucleus
For each α particle emitted by the parent, A decreases by 4 and Z
decreases by 2 in the daughter It is the most common means for a
heavy, unstable nucleus to become more stable

A

alpha decay

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28
Q

Every
element beyond bismuth (Bi Z= 83 is radioactive and
exhibits this decay

A

a-decay

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29
Q

is a more general class of radioactive decay

A

B-decay

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30
Q

Results
in a product nuclide with the same A but with Z one
higher (one more proton) than in the reactant nuclide In other
words, an atom of the element with the next higher atomic
number is formed

A

B- decay (negatron emission)

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31
Q

occurs through a
process in which a proton in the nucleus is converted into a
neutron, and a positron is expelled

A

β+ emission (Positron emission)

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32
Q

has the opposite effect of β- decay the
daughter has the same A but Z is one lower (one fewer proton)
than the parent Thus, an atom of the element with the next lower
atomic number forms

A

β+ emission (Positron emission)

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33
Q

involves the radiation of high energy γ
photons from an excited nucleus and usually accompanies many
other (but mostly β types of decay

A

Gamma (γ) Emission

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34
Q

Because
rays have no mass or charge, emission does not

A

change A or Z

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35
Q

A parent nuclide may undergo
a series of decay steps before
a stable daughter nuclide
forms. The succession of steps

A

decay series/disintegration series

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36
Q

typically depicted on a grid like
display.

A

decay series/disintegration series

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37
Q

nuclides with too many neutrons for
stability (a high N Z lie above the band of stability They undergo
β decay, which converts a neutron into a proton, thus reducing the
value of N/Z

A

neutron rich nuclides

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38
Q

nuclides with too many protons for stability
(a low N Z lie below the band They undergo β decay (lighter
elements) and e capture (heavier elements)

A

proton rich nuclides

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39
Q

Nuclides with Z 83 are too heavy to be stable
and undergo α decay which reduces their Z and N values by two
units per emission

A

heavy nuclides

40
Q

another type of radioactivity resulting from the bombardment of
nuclei by neutrons, protons, or other nuclei Occurs naturally in
outer space but could also be achieved artificially

A

nuclear transmutation

41
Q

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to carbon-14 and 1H1 through the capture of neutron from the sun

A

nuclear transmutation

42
Q

occurs when the nucleus interacts with an electron in an
orbital from a low atomic energy level The net effect is
that a proton is transformed into a neutron

A

electron capture

43
Q

are massive and highly charged, which
means that they interact with matter most
strongly of the three common types of
emissions

A

a particles

44
Q

*
penetrate so little that a piece of paper,
light clothing, or the outer layer of skin can
stop α radiation from an external source

A

a particles

45
Q

*
Even though a given particle has less chance
of causing ionization, a β –(or β emitter is a
more destructive external source because the
particles penetrate deeper Specialized heavy
clothing or a thick 0 5 cm) piece of metal is
required to stop these particles

A

B- particles

46
Q

*
have less charge and much less mass than α
particles, so they interact less strongly with
matter

A

B- particles

47
Q

*
neutral, massless γ rays interact least with
matter and, thus, penetrate most A block
of lead several inches thick is needed to
stop them Therefore, an external γ ray
source is the most dangerous because the
energy can ionize many layers of living
tissue

A

y- particles

48
Q

TRUE or FALSE
Isotopes of an element exhibit very similar chemical and physical
behavior

A

TRUE

49
Q

SI unit for radioactivity is ________ and defined as ________

A

Becquerel= d/s

50
Q

Curie is a commonly used unit ad 1Ci is equivalent to

A

3.70x10^10 d/s

51
Q

TRUE or FALSE
For a large collection of radioactive nuclei, the number decaying per unit
time is proportional to the number present

A

TRUE

52
Q

is the time it takes for half the nuclei present in a sample
to decay

A

Half life of Radioactive Decay (t 1/2

53
Q

TRUE or FALSE
The half life of a nuclear reaction can be determined
from its rate constant

A

TRUE

54
Q

TRUE or FALSE
This half life is dependent on the number of nuclei
and is inversely related to the decay constant

A

FALSE
This half life is not dependent on the number of nuclei
and is inversely related to the decay constant

55
Q

uses radioisotopes to determine the age of an
object

A

*
Radioisotopic Dating

56
Q

discovered by the American chemist Willard F
Libby (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960 and is based on
measuring the amounts of 14 C and 12 C in materials of
biological origin

A

Radiocarbon Dating

57
Q

is the energy required to break 1 mol of atoms into
neutrons and hydrogen atoms, which equals the energy
to break 1 mol of nuclei into individual nucleons

A

Nuclear Binding Energy

58
Q

the energy an electron acquires when
it moves through a potential difference of 1 volt

A

electron
volt (eV)

59
Q

1eV = ? J

A

1.602x10^-19J

60
Q

1MeV= ? eV

A

10^6 eV

61
Q

1 amu = ? eV = ? MeV

A

931.5 x 10^6 eV = 931.5 MeV

62
Q

The total quantity of mass energy in the universe is

A

constant (Law of Mass and Energy Conservation)

63
Q

when any reacting system releases or absorbs
energy, it also

A

loses or gains mass

64
Q

In order to harness the energy of nuclear fission, much of which
eventually appears as heat, is by means of a

A

chain reaction

65
Q

example of uncontrolled fission

A

atomic bomb

66
Q

example of controlled fission

A

nuclear reactors

67
Q

used as a nuclear fuel and produced
in breeder reactors, is one of the most toxic substances
known It is an alpha emitter with a half life of 24 400 yr (Production of nuclear waste)

A

Plutonium-239

68
Q

is the ultimate source of nearly all the
energy on Earth because almost all
other sources depend, directly or
indirectly, on the energy produced by
nuclear fusion in the Sun

A

Nuclear fusion

69
Q

*
All the elements larger than
hydrogen were formed in

A

fusion and decay processes within stars

70
Q

holds great promise as a source of clean
abundant energy, but it requires extremely high temperatures
and is not yet practical

A

nuclear fusion

71
Q

Requires enormous energy in the form of heat to give the
positively charged nuclei enough kinetic energy to force
themselves together

A

nuclear fusion

72
Q

Promising and may represent an ideal source of power

A

nuclear fusion

73
Q

Types of solids

A
  1. crystalline solid
  2. amorphous solid
74
Q

possesses rigid and long-range order. In a crystalline solid, atoms, molecules or ions occupy specific (predictable) positions.

A

crystalline solid

75
Q

does not possess a well-defined arrangement and long-range molecular order.

A

amorphous solid

76
Q

an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing

A

glass

77
Q

types of crystals

A
  1. ionic crystals
  2. covalent crystals
  3. molecular crystals
  4. metallic crystals
78
Q

an optically transparent fusion product of inorganic materials that has cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing

A

glass

79
Q

-Lattice points occupied by cations and anions
-Held together by electrostatic attraction
-Hard, brittle, high melting point
-Poor conductor of heat and electricity

A

ionic crystals

80
Q

-Lattice points occupied by atoms
-Held together by covalent bonds
-Hard, high melting point
-Poor conductor of heat and electricity

A

covalent crystals

81
Q

Lattice points occupied by molecules
-Held together by intermolecular forces
-Soft, low melting point
-Poor conductor of heat and electricity

A

molecular crystals

82
Q

-Lattice points occupied by metal atoms
-Held together by metallic bonds
-Soft to hard, low to high melting point
-Good conductors of heat and electricity

A

Metallic Crystals

83
Q

the basic repeating structural unit of a crystalline solid.

A

unit cell

84
Q

types of unit cells

A

Simple cubic
Tetragonal
orthorhombic
rhombohedral
monocyclic
triclinic
hexagonal

85
Q

Types of cubic cells

A

Simple cubic
Body-centered
face-centered cubic

86
Q

Simple cubic

A

1 atom/unit cell

87
Q

body-centered cubic

A

2 atoms/ unit cell

88
Q

face-centered cubic

A

4 atoms/ unit cell

89
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction
one substance is converted into another, but atoms never change identity

A

Chemical reaction

90
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

Orbital electrons are involved as bonds break and form; nuclear particles do not take part

A

Chemical reaction

91
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

Reactions are accompanied by relatively small changes in energy and no measurable changes in mass

A

Chemical reaction

92
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

Reaction rates depend on number of nuclei, but are not affected by temp, catalysts, or except on rare occasions, the compound in which an element occurs

A

Nuclear reaction

93
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

Protons, neutrons, and other particles are involved; orbital electrons take part much less often

A

Nuclear reaction

94
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

reaction rates ar einfluenced by temp, conc, catalysts and the compound in which an element occurs

A

chemical reactions

95
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

atoms of one element typically are converted into atom of another element

A

Nuclear reaction

96
Q

Chemical reaction/ Nuclear reaction

Reactions are accompanied by relatively large changes in energy and measurable changes in mass

A

Nuclear reaction

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY (1 decks)

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