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cell physiology, my interp. > lecture final > Flashcards

lecture final Flashcards

1
Q

7 questions from cell and its function

describe the plasma membrane

the nucleus is like ______

the cytoplasm is a jelly like substance that contains ______ between the ______ and nuclear membrane

A

its the door of the cell

  • ampipathic bilayer
  • made of phspholipids
  • Blueprints
  • organelles, cell membrane
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2
Q

what are the intracellular and extracellular ions?

A

intracellular:
K+, Mg2+, PO4, SO4, CHO3

extracellular:
Na, Cl, Ca2+

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3
Q

what are the 4 functions of the glycocalyx ?

A

1- cell binding
2- receptor for hormone binding
3- gives surface a negative charge (can repel neg. molecules)
4-assists immune reactions

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4
Q

what are the two ways to alter gene expression?

A

1- genetic-changes to DNA during transcription

2- epigenetic- changes in gene EXPRESSION

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5
Q

in epigenetics the dna is wrapped around _____ to prevent DNA from being transcribed

A

Histone

** addition of acetyl group unwraps and exposes DNA

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6
Q

the nuclear envelope is continous with ________.

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

what are the protein making “factories?”

A

ribosomes

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8
Q

Lysosomes aka suicide bags have 3 different classes, what are they?

  • formed by golgi apparatus
  • hydrolases
A

autophagy- recycling damaged cells

necrosis- uncontrolled cell death

apoptosis-controlled cell death

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9
Q

peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but differ in 2 ways

A

1- self replication from smooth ER

2- oxidases

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10
Q

what is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

the mitochondria

  • in cytoplasm
  • self replicating
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11
Q

7 questions from transcription/ translation

nitrogen bases are attatched to DNA strands by ________ bonds.

A

hydrogen

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12
Q

what are the 4 steps in transcription with their enzymes?

A

1- unzip the genes- DNA helicase
2-initiation- RNA polymerase
3- elongation- creating mRNA
4-termination- RNA polymerase dissociates itself

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13
Q

what exactly is RNA?

A

its a ribonucleic acid, its single stranded and instead of Uracil it likes thymine

composed of exons

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14
Q

what is the process where exons are taken to the cytoplasm to be translated?

A

translocation

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15
Q

where does protein translation take place?

A

cytoplasm

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16
Q

6 questions molecular genetics/ cell div.

translation occurs in which direction?

A

5’ - 3’

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17
Q

amino acids are connected to one another by a _______ bond?

A

peptide

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18
Q

protein conformation and function is constantly modified by _______ state.

A

phosphorylation

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19
Q

what is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

GABA

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21
Q

what happens in DNA replication (S-phase)?

MITOSIS

A

** the nucleus replicates its DNA and centrosomes

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22
Q

what are the steps of mitosis?

A 
1- interphase (S phase)
2- prophase
3- prometaphase
4- metaphase- line up in the middle
5-anaphase- chromatids move to the poles
6- telophase- nuclear envelope forms
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23
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

genes that can lead to cancer

** supressed by antioncogenes

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24
Q

whats an example of a cancer caused by a virus?

A

HPV

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25
Q

7 questions from cell transport

what percent of the human body is composed of fluid?

A

60%

1/3 extracellular
2/3 intracellular

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26
Q

what is simple diffusion?

A

the continuous movment of molecules toward a decrease in free energy. often involves molecules traveling down their concentration gradiant
-does NOT require additional energy

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27
Q

what kind of hormones can travel freely across cellular membranes?

A

Steroid hormones because they are lipid soluable(non polar)

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28
Q

what do potassium ions flow through?

A

leaky channels because they are stripped of their hydration shell

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29
Q

what are the 2 sodium channels?

A

1- ligand gated- chemically gated

2- voltage gated

30
Q

what carrier protein facilitates glucose diffusion into the cell?

A

GLUT4

** triggers membrane trafficking of GLUT4 to aid uptake

31
Q

type 2 diabetes involves_______ ______.

A

insulin deficiency

32
Q

what the hell is the nernst potential?

A

electromotive force- electrical properties of ions attracting and repelling one another

  • when in equilibrium there is a resting membrane potential
33
Q

what is Osmosis?

A

osmosis is simple diffusion of a solvent

or
the diffusion of water caused by a concentration difference of water

34
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

the exact amount of pressure to stop osmosis…

think about a beer bong and making sure it doesnt spill before you drink

35
Q

if cells are hypertonic the water is ______

if the cell is isotonic the water ______

if the cell is hypotonic water is ______

A
  • leaving
  • equilibrium
  • coming in causing cells to burst
36
Q

what is active transport?

A

cell membrane moving molecules against concentration gradient

primary- energy goes against gradient from ATP

-secondary- energy goes against gradient from another source

37
Q

secondary active transport (symport) is when a molecule can ___________ off another molecules concentration gradiant

A

piggy back

** case of glucose and sodium

38
Q

secondary active transport (antiport) molecules are shuttled in ______ directions in regaurds to concentration gradient.

A

opposite

39
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

a process of cellular ingestionby which plasma folds bring substances into the cell

1- pinocytosis
2- receptor mediated endocytosis
3- phagocytosis

40
Q

membrane and action potentials 10 questions

what can diffuse freely in either direction across the cell membrane?

A

K+

41
Q

resting membrane potential values for most cells range from _____ to _____

A

-65 to -95 mV

42
Q

resting membrane potential is predicted by what equation?

A

GHK

goldman hodgkin katz

43
Q

what are 2 major forces acting on the movment of ions across the cell membrane/

A

1- charge

2- concentration gradient

44
Q

the nernst equation measures ______

A

membrane potential

45
Q

the GHK equation is used to determine ______

A

resting membrane potential when there is no net diffusion

46
Q

action potentials are _____ or _____

A

all or none

47
Q

the voltage gated Na+ channels inactivate quickly due to _____ and ______ mechanism

A

ball and chain

48
Q

when the membrane potential is close to +30mV its called _______

A

overshoot

49
Q

after overshoot there is a huge driving force for K+ to flow out and reestablish equilibrium potential called _______

A

repolarization

50
Q

what are the refractory mechanisms (2) in place to keep cells from being over activated?

A

absolute refeactory period-channels will not open temporarily regardless of stimulus strength (like a flood gate)

relative refactory period-driving force leaving the cell is higher than to enter the cell

51
Q

name the 3 connective tissues surrounding muscles

A

1- epimysium- covers whole muscle
2- perimysium- around bundles
3- endomysium- around each muscle fiber

52
Q

what are the lines, bands and zones?

A

Z-line-protein filaments
I bands- only actin
A bands- all of myosin and some actin overlap
H zone- only myosin (disappears during contraction)
m-line- center of sacromere

53
Q

what is a sliding filament mechanism?

A

process by which myosin heads form cross bridges with actin and contraction slides the 2 filaments past each other (the filaments do not actually shorten, they overlap)

54
Q

what is the “walk along”/ ratchet theory of contraction?

A

the heads of myosin and actin swivel and slide past each other, called the power stroke, the myosin head then detatches and walks to next active binding site

55
Q

what is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

before contraction ATP binds to myosin heads, then ATPase cleaves a phosphate (hydrolysis)causing mysoin head to cock then energized myosin binds to actin; stored energy is released and then power stroke happens

myosin releases actin only when a new ATP binds to myosin

56
Q

Ca2+ binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin binding site to ______.

A

actin

*troponin is like a long sleve shirt, tropomyosin is like the shirt sleve getting pushed up, myosin is like skin

57
Q

the relaxation phase is when the troponin lets the tropomyosin go, pulling shirt sleve back down and then _______ cannot bind

A

actin

58
Q

what are some factors that affect contractile strength?

A
  • number of muscle fibers
  • frequency of stimulation
  • thickness of each muscle fiber
  • velocity of contraction
59
Q

as load increases, the velocity of the contraction _______

A

decreases

60
Q

maximal efficiency occurs at _____ of maximum muscle contraction velocity

A

30%

61
Q

______ are important for absorbing high impact and keeping muscle fibers taught.

A

tendons

62
Q

how do you judge the efficiency of a muscle contraction?

A

% of input ebergy that can be converted into work in muscle is less than 25%

63
Q

in muscle contraction ATP is used for what?

A

1- walk along mechanism
2- active calcium pumps which send Ca into SR
3- Ma+/K+ pump in muscle fiber membranes

64
Q

how do you tell Vo2 max?

A

once maxed out on o2 consumption while exercising, you have vo2 max

65
Q

what are slow motor units (type 1)

fast fatigable motor units (type 2 B)

fast fatigue resistant (type 2 A)

A

myoglobbin, mitochrondria, capillary beds, resistant to fatigue, small force

fast fatigue- pale muscle fibers, large force, easily fatigued

fast fatigue resistant- intermediate motor units

66
Q

as synaptic activity driving motor neurons increase, slow motor neurons are recruited ____. fast fatigue resistant _____ and fast fatigue _______

A

1st
2nd
last

67
Q

what is hypertrophy? atrophy? and Hyperplasia?

A

hypertrophy- increase in total muscle mass in actin and myosin NOT muscle fibers

atrophy- decrease in total muscle mass

hyperplasia- increase in number of muscle fibers

68
Q

endurance uses more _______

high intensity exercise uses more _______

A
  • type 1

- type 2 B

69
Q

what happens as we age?

A

decrease in type 2 fibers

  • reduced density of capillaries
  • decrease in neural excitation
70
Q

smooth muscle- 3 questions

what are the 2 types of smooth muscle?

A

1- unitary/ single unit- MOST COMMON IN BODY, sheets/ bundles, contract as single unit

2- multi unit-individual fibers, contracts as individual units

71
Q

smooth muscle has distinct microanatomy- tell me about it

A

not striated

  • more actin than myosin
  • longer thin filaments
  • actin attatched to dense bodies
  • side polar arrangment

cell physiology, my interp. (1 decks)

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