Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biopsych > Lecture final > Flashcards

Lecture final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the brain differences in depression?

A
  • less white & gray matter
    -frontal cortex, atypical fMRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How much is the concordance rate in twin studies for major depressive disorder?

A

30-40%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?

A

Bipolar I: depression & mania
Bipolar II: depression & hypermania (less severe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the symptoms of Mania for bipolar?

A

-prolonged period of overly happy
-extreme irritability
-racing thoughts, easily distracted
-little sleep
-unrealistic beliefs in one’s abilities
-impulsive, high risk behavior
-increased goal oriented

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the symptoms of depression in bipolar?

A

-long periods of worry & emptiness
-loss of interest in enjoyable activities
-feeling tired, run down
-problems concentrating, remembering, making decisions
-restless or irritable
- changes in eating, sleeping
-suicide & death thoughts
-attempting suicide
-longer periods of lack of energy, motivation & interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are causal factors in bipolar disorders?

A
  • disruption of calcium channels & proteins
    -AP regeneration to Nodes of Ranvier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When do you use Lithium in Bipolar?

A
  • for Bipolar depression
    -mood stabilizer (stops mania)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What plays a role in major depressive disorders?

A

Seratonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What plays a role in major bipolar disorders?

A

GABA & Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is anxiety?

A
  • chronic fear persisting in absence of direct threat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the most prevalent psychiatric disorder?

A

Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Are women twice as likely to suffer anxiety disorders than men?

A

YES! Woman 2x more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When is anxiety most prevalent?

A

Early to late adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Does anxiety go down as you age?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Stress response and extreme feeling of worry and anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is post traumatic stress disorder?

A

Persistence pattern or psychological distress following exposure to extreme stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most prescribed drug?

A

Benzodiazepines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are side effects of Benzos for anxiety?

A

-nausea
-ataxia
-tremor
-addictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are side effects of seratonin for anxiety?

A
  • nausea
    -dizzy
    -insomnia
    -headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are side effects of antidepressant drugs for anxiety?

A

Not effective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is there a genetic link to anxiety?

A

No definite genes
No structural difference in anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is there a structural difference in depression?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A
  • happens every season
    -cycling severe depression and elevated mood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are symptoms of seasonal affective disorder? BEAR

A

-intense hunger
-gain weight
-sleep more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is seasonal affective disorder?

A
  • every winter
    -cycle severe depression and elevated mood
    -intense hunger
    -gain eight
    -sleep more

BEAR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the most prescribed medication for depression?

A

SSRI’s (Selective Monamine Reuptake Inhibitors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What pharmacological treatment did they discontinue for depression?

A

-MAO’s
(monamine Oxidase inhibitors)

  • discontinued because high risk of stroke and high blood pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What pharmacological treatment for depression if none of them work?

A

Atypical antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which treatment do they use if none of them work for depression?

A

Atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is considered catch all?

A

Atypical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is tricyclic antidepressants?

A
  • treatment for depression
  • blocks reuotake of norepinephrine & seratonin
    -safer than MAO’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two ways depression can be?

A
  1. Reactive triggered by a negative experience (external cause that can be worked on)
  2. Endogenous which has no apparent cause (don’t know)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

When is it considered major depression? (Unipolar)

A

Lasts for 2 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is dysthymia?

A

-long lasting
-lethargic
-lack of energy & joy in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How long does dysthymia last?

A

-long lasting
-at least 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is it called when you have both depressions?

A

Double depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are women diagnosed far more often than men for depression?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is anhedonia?

A

Inability to experience pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are general symptoms of major depression (2 weeks+)?

A

-sadness
-worthlessness
-anhedonia: can’t experience pleasure
-suicidal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How often do women experience postpartum depression?

A
  • approx 19% pregnancies
    -20% of women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

How often is seasonal affective disorder from depression cases?

A
  • reoccurs 10-20%
    -common in Alaska, Canada and scandavia (coldest areas)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Percentages for major depressive episodes in U.S. adolescents (2020)?

A

-4.1 mil adolescents
-17% of U.S. pop 12-17
-higher among females (25.2%) compared to males (9.2%)
-highest amount adolescents 2 or more races (29.9%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is depression?

A
  • exceeds 2 weeks
    -feeling sadder to loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is difference between grief and depression?

A

Grief: recall happy moments
Depression: sense of worthlessness, no memory of good times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When was a major depressive episode highest? What age group?

A

18-25 (17%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How much more was females more prevalent for depression disorder?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Which depression hardest to treat?

A

Endogenous depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is greater concentration of genetics?

A

Bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are tumors?

A
  • mass of cells that grows independently of rest of body (cancer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the 3 types of tumors?

A

-meningoma
-infiltrating
-metastatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

How many of brain tumors are meningiomas?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are meningioma tumors?

A

-encapsulated in menengies
- growing with own membrane
-usually benign, surgically removeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What are most brain tumors?

A

Infiltrating!
-grow through surrounding tissue
-malignant (difficult to remove or destroy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

How much of brain tumors are metastatic?

A

10%- they originated elsewhery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where do metastatic tumors originate?

A

Usually in lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What happens in epidural hematoma?

A

Bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering brain (dura) and skull

57
Q

What happens in an intracerebral hemorrhage?

A

A type of intracranial bleed that occurs within the brain tissue or ventricles

58
Q

What does long term Covid damage?

A

-neurons
-BBB

59
Q

How does long term Covid effect our bodies?

A

-ace2 receptors allow Covid to stay in system
-cognitive fog
-activates microglia cells

60
Q

What is tardive dyskinesia?

A
  • motor disorders including smacking lips and rolling of tongue
    -antipsychotic drugs cause it
61
Q

Are some neurotoxins endogenous?

A

Yes! Produced by body I.e. auto immune disorders

62
Q

What is nagleria fowleri?

A
  • brain-eating amoeba
    -found in fresh & warm water
63
Q

What is a hemorrhage?

A

Bleeding into brain aneurysm (more serious, you don’t want)

64
Q

What is ischemic?

A

Disruption of blockage of blood supply to brain

65
Q

What is a stroke?

A

A sudden onset cerebrovascular event that causes brain damage

66
Q

What is the third leading cause of death in the U.S. and most common cause of adult disability?

A

Cerebrovascular disorders

67
Q

What are the common blast injuries on civilians?

A

1 shear stress causing diffuse axonal injury
2 brain acceleration and deceleration
3 compound fractured skull
4 contrecoup contusion

68
Q

What is a cebrebral contusion?

A

Bleeding in brain; common in mood-severe head injuries

69
Q

What are the 3 types of intracranial hemorrhages?

A

1 epidural
2 subdural
3 subarachnoid

70
Q

What is an epidural?

A

Type of intracranial hemorrhage bleeding outside of brain with cooling of boood above dura matter, below skull

71
Q

What is subdural?

A

Type of intracranial hemorrhage below dura matter

72
Q

What is subarachnoid?

A

Type of intracranial hemorrhage bleed in the arachnoid space

73
Q

What type of hemorrhage happens within brain?

A

1 intracerebral: in brain
2 intraventrical: in the ventricles

74
Q

Is there any cause for schizophrenia?

A

No cause

75
Q

What are the two different strokes?

A

1 cerebral hemorrhage
2 cerebral ischemia

76
Q

What is a cerebral hemmorhage?

A

Cerebral blood vessel ruptures and blood seeps into surrounding neural damage

77
Q

What’s is a cerebral ischemia?

A

Disruption of blood supply to brain

78
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Blocks blood flow at site of formation

79
Q

What are the side effects of MAO’s?

A

-elevated blood pressure
-increase chance of stroke

80
Q

Which meningitis is most common?

A

Viral meningitis

81
Q

What about bacterial meningitis?

A

It can be deadly

82
Q

What is schizophrenia caused too much of?

A

Dopamine

83
Q

What are areas of brain affected in schizophrenia?

A

-hippocampus
-amygdala
-thalamus
-nucleus accumbens

84
Q

What is nucleus acumen?

A

Obsessive behavior

85
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Emotional stimuli

86
Q

What is thalamus?

A

Relay station for disillusions, hallucinations, obsessions

87
Q

What are the brain structure anomalies in schizophrenia?

A

Enlargement of lateral ventricles due to cerebral atrophy

88
Q

What is the neurodevelopmental hypothesis

A

Stressful experience during prenatal or neonatal development of the nervous sys produces brain abnormalities and behavioral deficits

89
Q

What are neuroleptics effective for some patients?

A

Positive symptoms
Result from increased neural activity

90
Q

What are antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia

A

D2- halo/buty
D4- clozapine

91
Q

What are Parkinson’s disease patients given

A

L-dopa

92
Q

What is genetic link to schizophrenia?

A

-relatives show higher incident
-risk increases closer the relationship
-genetic relationship unclear

93
Q

What is rate of occurrence in identical twins for schizophrenia

A

50%

94
Q

What is percentage of fraternal twins with schizophrenia

A

15%

95
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?- presence of

A

Delusions
Hallucinations
Inappropriate affect
Disorganized speech and thought
Odd behavior
Responsive to drug therapy

96
Q

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Affective flattening
Lack of motivation- abolition
Catalonia
Lack of social interaction
Speech deficits

97
Q

What is acute schizophrenia

A

Symptoms go away and stay away

98
Q

What is chronic schizophrenia

A

Hospitalization major part of life

99
Q

What is episodic schizophrenia

A

Experiencing episodes

100
Q

How many symptoms needed for schizophrenia ?

A

Only 2 for one month

101
Q

What is best treatment for schizophrenia

A

Behavioral therapy

102
Q

What is the 2 times window for schizophrenia

A

1 adolescent: recovery not good, symptoms don’t respond to meds
2 mid-late 20s: predisposition, trigger, good recovery, meds work

103
Q

How much of the pop does schizophrenia affect

A

1-2%

104
Q

What is neuropsychological

A

Brain dysfunction

105
Q

What is psychiatric

A

Absence of brain pathology; experimental factors

106
Q

What 3 things mean it’s a psychiatric disorder

A

1 early onset
2 prevalence
3 long term consequences

107
Q

Why are psychiatric disorders difficult to treat

A

-what we consider to be normal changes
- symptoms overlap

108
Q

First drug used for schizophrenia

A

Chloroprazimen

109
Q

2nd drug for schizophrenia

A

Reserpine but not used due to low blood pressure

110
Q

What are effects of bacterial infections

A

-leads to abscesses
-inflame meninges
-pockets of puss
-treat w penicillin

111
Q

What are effects of viral infections

A
  • attack neural tissues
    -lie dormant for years
112
Q

How do neurotoxins enter system

A

-from GI tract or lungs
-through skin

113
Q

What is embolism?

A

Plug forms elsewhere and moved to brain

114
Q

What are the two types of closed head injuries ?

A

Tbi’s and contusions

115
Q

Does the skull need to be penetrated for tbi

A

No

116
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury

A

Blow to head

117
Q

What are contusions

A

Closed head injuries involved skate to cerebral circulatory system; bruise

118
Q

What are concussions

A

Disturbance of consciousness following blow to held no evidence of structural damage

119
Q

What is result to multiple concussions

A

Punch drunk syndrome = dementia

120
Q

What is an arteriosclerosis

A

Wall of blood vessels thicken due to fat deposits

121
Q

How does damage occur due to cerebral ischemia

A

Excess glutamate
Blood deprived neurons
Influx of Na+ & Ca2
Release more glutamate
Kill neuron
Ischemia brain damage takes time doesn’t occur equally to all parts of brain

122
Q

What is a coma

A

Total unconscious
Unresponsive
Unaware
No sleep wake cycle
Diffuse of trauma

123
Q

What is vegetable stare

A

Unconscious
Unaware
Sleep-wake cycle
Period of alertness

124
Q

What is persistence vegetable state

A

Vegetable state longer than 30 days

125
Q

What is an epidural hematoma

A

Bleeding occurs between tough outer membrane and skull

126
Q

What is intracerebral hemmorage

A

Type of intracranial bleed
Occurs within brain tissue/ventricles

127
Q

What is the third leading cause of death

A

Cerebral vascular disorders

128
Q

What is 5th cause of dearth

A

Stroke

129
Q

What is the dopamine theory of schizophrenia

A

Striatum’s in Parkinson’s disease patient depleted dopamine

130
Q

What are side effects of MAO?

A

-elevated blood pressure
Increase chance of stroke
Cheese effect

131
Q

What are side effects of tricyclic antidepressants

A

No effect on schizophrenia

132
Q

What are side effects of SSRI;s

A

Fewer side effects

133
Q

What are theories of bipolar

A

Lower levels of brain defied neural factors

134
Q

How do MAOs function

A

Breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters in cytoplasm

135
Q

How do tricyclic antidepressants work

A

Block reuptake of Seratonin and nonrepreine

136
Q

How do SSRI’s work

A

Exert agnostic effects by blocking reuptake to seratonin from synapses

137
Q

How do atypical antidepressants work

A

Own unique mechanisms of action

138
Q

What is pregabalin?

A

Generalized anxiety; ability to modulate calcium channels affecting calcium levels

Biopsych (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions