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Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q

In glandular classification, what are the two types of morphology characteristics?

A
  1. Acini
  2. Alveoli
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2
Q

In glandular classification, what are the three modes of release? Please Describe.

A
  1. Apocrine: fluid released in membrane bound vesicles
  2. Eccrine: sweat glands in human, and between digits in dogs and cats. Serous product released.
  3. Holocrine: “whole cell,” sloughed off and becomes the released product.
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3
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. prometaphase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. Telophase/cytokinesis
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4
Q

What are the 5 types of collagen? Please name examples.

A

Type I: dermis, tendons, ligaments, organ, stroma, bone
Type II: cartilage, ocular vitreous humor, hyaline cartilage,
Type III: reticular fibers
Type IV: basement membranes support, ocular lens.
Type V: cell surface support, hair follicles, placenta

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5
Q

What makes up the extracellular matrix? (4 things)

A
  1. Structural fibers
  2. Integrins
  3. Proteoglycans
  4. Polysaccharides
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6
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue classifications? Where can you find an example of each?

A
  1. Dense irregular: (almost everything) dermis
  2. Dense regular: tendons
  3. Loose irregular: perivascular or periglandular spaces
  4. Mucous: umbilicus, placenta
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
  3. fibrocartilage
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8
Q

What are the cellular components of bone? and what is the function of each? (3)

A
  1. Osteoblast: secretory (organic and mineral)
    2.Osteoclast: removal
  2. Osteocyte: maintenance
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9
Q

What is bone surrounded by?

A

Periosteum

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10
Q

Describe features of bone mineral, aka Hydroxyapatite?

A
  1. starts as calcium and phosphate
  2. most of crystal functions as Ca(PO4)(OH)
  3. hexagonal crystal formation
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11
Q

What are the two types of bone formation?

A
  1. intramembranous
  2. endochondral
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12
Q

Describe the formation of bone via intramembranous development?

A

initial development is centered on ossification centers. The spicules of bone are formed along matric membrane, then remodeled.

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13
Q

What are the 6 zones on the physis of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Epiphyseal bone
  2. reserve zone
  3. proliferation zone
  4. hypertrophic zone
  5. resorption zone
  6. ossification zone
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14
Q

What are the 4 types of skeletal muscle fiber types? What are the properties of each?

A
  1. Fiber Type 1: slow twitch, oxidative and aerobic, fatigue resistant, high mitochondria #, high fat, low glycogen
  2. Fiber Types 2A: fast twitch, oxidative and glycolytic, fatigue resistant, intermediate mitochondria #, fat, glycogen
  3. Fiber Type 2B: fast twitch, glycolytic and anaerobic, fatigue sensitive, low mitochondria #, low fat, high glycogen
  4. Fiber Type 2C: regenerative fibers.
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15
Q

Describe the features of smooth muscle (3)

A
  1. non-striated
  2. central nuclei
  3. strap like
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16
Q

Describe the characteristics of skeletal muscle (2)

A
  1. non-branching, nuclei at edge of cell.
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17
Q

Describe the features of cardiac cells (2)

A
  1. branching
  2. central nuclei
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18
Q

Classify the afferent neuron. Where does it go? What are the types?

A

From peripheral end organ or ganglia to the central nervous system.
1. sensory
2. unipolar
3. bipolar

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19
Q

Classify efferent neuron. Where does it go? What is the effect? What type of neurons?

A

Where: CNS to ganglia and/or end organ
Effect: motor
Type: multipolar

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20
Q

How do neurons communicate?

A

via synapses

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21
Q

A synapse is generally limited to how many types of neurotransmitters?

A

1

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22
Q

Where are the three areas the rabies virus replicates? What is the 6 step track of rabies virus through the body?

A

Replicates:
1.skeletal muscle
2. neuron cell bodies
3. salivary epithelium
Viral particle track:
1. into connective tissue/muscle
2. Up afferent nerve to dorsal root ganglion
3. Up afferent spinal tracts to
4. cerebellum and midbrain nuclei
5. to the salivary gland
6. shedding in the saliva

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglial cells in the central nervous system?

A
  1. Astrocyte
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. ependyma
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24
Q

What are the 2 types of neuroglial cells in the peripheral nervous system?

A
  1. Ganglioglial cells
  2. Neurolemma (Schwann cells)
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25
Q

What are the 8 functions of astrocytes in CNS? Ganglioglial cells in the PNS?

A
  1. regulate fluids/electrolytes
  2. Glial limitans at pia mater
  3. interconnect astrocytes
  4. blood-brain barrier
  5. support axon tracts
  6. scavenge neurotransmitters
  7. Insulate nodes of Ranvier
  8. CSF blood-brain barrier
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26
Q

What is the function of Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Neurolemma (schwann cells) in the PNS?

A

Myelination

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27
Q

What is the function of Microglia in CNS?

A

phagocytes
respond to inflammatory cues

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28
Q

What is the function of Ependyma cells in the CNS?

A

lining of cerebral ventricles and aqueducts

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29
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid

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30
Q

What are the 5 components that make up the peripheral nerve?

A
  1. Epineurium
  2. Fascicle
  3. Perineurium
  4. Endoneurium
  5. Myelin sheath
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31
Q

What is the embryologic stage of the forebrain? What 3 components make up the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon -> Telencephalon
1. cerebral cortex
2. basal nuclei
3. limbic system

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32
Q

What is the embryologic stages of the midbrain? What are the 3 components that make up the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon -> Diencephalon
1. Epithalamus
2. Thalamus
3. Hypothalamus

33
Q

What is the embryologic stage of the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon
1. mesencephalon (cerebral peduncles)
2. metencephalon (pons, cerebellum)
3. myelencephalon (medulla)

34
Q

In the cerebrum: what are the valleys? What are the hills? What matter is on the inside? What matter is on the outside?

A
  1. sulcus
  2. gyri
  3. white matter
  4. gray matter
35
Q

What is the term for a cerebrum with no gyri?

A

lissencephalic

36
Q

What are the 6 layers (7 counting the white matter) of the cerebral cortex from outside -> inside?

A
  1. Molecular
  2. External granular
  3. External pyramidal
  4. Internal granular
  5. internal pyramidal
  6. Fusiform
37
Q

In the Cerebellum: What are the valleys? What are the hills?

A

valley: sulcus
hill: folia

38
Q

What are the 3 layers of the cerebellum, from outside -> inside?

A
  1. molecular
  2. piriform
  3. granular
39
Q

In the spinal cord. Is the white matter on the outside or the inside?

40
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A

I. olfactory
II. Optic
III. oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. abducens
VII: facial
VIII: vestibulocochlear
IX: glossopharyngeal
X: vagus
XI: accessory
XII: hypoglossal

41
Q

What is a non-encapsulated pressure receptor?

A

Merkel cell

42
Q

What is an example of an encapsulated pressure receptor?

A

Messner’s corpuscles

43
Q

What is an example of a deep pressure receptor? In birds?

A

Pacinian corpuscle.
Birds: Herbst corpuscle

44
Q

What animals have ampullary electroreception?

A

cartilage fishes, bony fishes, amphibians

45
Q

Which part of the ear was developed by the lateral line of fish/amphibians?

46
Q

What are 3 features of the middle ear?

A
  1. ossicles
  2. auditory tube
  3. horizontal branch of facial n.
47
Q

What detects pH, pCO2, and pO2 levels in the blood?

A

carotid and aortic bodies

48
Q

What are the layers of the retina? (8)

A
  1. layer of optic nerve fibers
  2. Ganglion cells layer
  3. Inner plexiform layer
  4. Inner nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. Outer nuclear layer
  7. layer of rods and cones
  8. vascular coat (choroid)
49
Q

What are 3 types of lymphocytes?

A
  1. T-lymphocytes
  2. B-lymphocytes
  3. Natural killer cells
50
Q

Where does the maturation and differentiation of T-lymphocytes take place? What are the markers for T cells?

A

mature and differentiate in thymus under influence of cytokeratin to either CD4 or CD8 cells

51
Q

How do B-lymphocytes differentiate?

A

differentiate from progenitors in GALT or bone marrow

52
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

direct cytotoxicity and immunomodulation of virus infected cells and tumor cells.

53
Q

What are two types of APC or antigen presenting cells?

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. Langerhan’s cells
54
Q

What are 4 types of Stroma?

A
  1. macrophages
  2. reticular cells
  3. epithelial cells
  4. smooth muscle
55
Q

What are two types of lymphoid tissue? Describe examples and presentation.

A
  1. Diffuse: lymphoid contents, architecture not well-defined. Mainly in GALT
  2. Nodular. Includes germinal centers, solitary follicles, aggregated follicles. Peyer’s patch.
56
Q

What cell type directly cross talks with the gut to the dendritic cells?

57
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
  3. Cloacal Bursa
58
Q

What type of cell will we find in the Cloacal Bursa?

A

B lymphocyte areas

59
Q

Name some secondary lymphoid Organs?

A

lymph node, hemal node, spleen, tonsil, MALT, BALT, GALT

60
Q

What are 4 specialized GALT lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Peyer’s patches
  2. Cecal tonsils
  3. Sacculus rotundus
  4. Appendix
61
Q

Describe the route of systemic circulation

A

“to the whole body”
Left ventricle -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary ->venule -> vein -> Right atrium

62
Q

Describe the route of portal circulation

A

” goes to portal vein”
LV -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> portal venule -> portal vein -> capillary -> venule -> vein -> right atrium

63
Q

Describe the route of pulmonary circulation

A

“goes to the lung”
Right ventricle -> pulmonary artery-> arteriole -> alveolar capillary -> venule -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium

64
Q

What is endothelium?

A

lining cells of blood and lymphatic vessels. Simple squamos.

65
Q

Name 2 differences between fetal circulation and postnatal circulation?

A

Fetal: ductus arteriosus. Umbilical arteries and veins go to placenta.
Postnatal: ligamentum arteriosum. Umbilical arteries and veins go to the round ligament of bladder.

66
Q

What type of fibers does the AV node contain?

A

purkinje fibers

67
Q

What are three layers of arteries? Describe each.

A
  1. Tunica intima: endothelial lining and supportive stroma
  2. Tunica Media: variable smooth muscle, elastin, collagen
  3. Tunica Adventitia: (external: outside layer of collagen and support tissue).
68
Q

What is microvasculature?

A

capillaries with a single layer of endothelial cells with a little CT

69
Q

What are the three layers of a capillary. What is included in each?

A

Intima: includes endothelial cell
Media + externa= pericytes and fibroblasts

70
Q

What are some features of veins?

A

narrow wall, pooling of red blood cells, very small layer of endothelial cells/ connective tissue.

71
Q

What is the largest lymphatic vessel?

A

thoracic duct

72
Q

What are the four region of the upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity?

A
  1. cutaneous region
  2. respiratory region
  3. olfactory region
  4. vomeronasal region
73
Q

Define cutaneous region of the nasal cavity

A

small portion of nasal vestibule lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

74
Q

Describe features of the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity

A

lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, scattered goblet cells and basement membrane

75
Q

what do goblet cells do?

A

provide mucus

76
Q

Histologically, what are 5 things you will see on a slide for respiratory epithelium?

A
  1. epithelium with cilia
  2. goblet cells
  3. mucosal intersitium
  4. vascular sinus
  5. defined basement membrane
77
Q

Describe opfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with sustentacular cells (w/microvilli), olfactory receptor neurons, basal cells, bowman’s gland

78
Q

What two types of epithelium do vomeronasal crypts contain?

A

respiratory and olfactory epithelium

Micro Anatomy (2 decks)

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