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Feeds and Feeding > Lecture Final > Flashcards

Lecture Final Flashcards

1
Q

The series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities

A

nutrition

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2
Q

any chemical substance that can be used and is necessary for maintenance, production, and health of animals

A

nutrient

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3
Q

the combination of mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic processes occurring in the GI tract that prepares ingested material for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing water solubility

A

digestion

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4
Q

passage or movement of the end products of digestion (nutrients) through the wall of the GI tract to the general circulation (blood)

A

absorption

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5
Q

movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in the body via the bloodstream

A

distribution

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6
Q

sum of all physical and chemical processes by which living, organized substance is produced and maintained

A

metabolism

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7
Q

any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells to more complex compounds

A

anabolism

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8
Q

any deconstructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells to more simple compounds

A

catabolism

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9
Q

the removal from the body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism

A

excretion

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10
Q

any material of natural or synthetic origin, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them (may or may not contain all nutrients required by the animal)

A

feedstuff

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11
Q

combination of feedstuffs used to supply vitamins and nourishment to the animal

A

diet

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12
Q

amount of diet consumed by an animal in a 24-hour period

A

ration

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13
Q

feed or feed mixture used with another diet to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal (protein, vitamin, mineral)

A

supplement

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14
Q

feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber

A

concentrate

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15
Q

a feedstuff containing more than 18% crude fiber

A

roughage

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16
Q

Analytical method
- complete ID
- obtain a representative sample
- grain: obtain while filling or emptying
- hay: drill core is best

A

sampling

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17
Q

Analytical Method
- most widely used
- includes DM, ash, Kjeldahl N, ether extract, CF, NFE

A

proximate analysis

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18
Q

Ash

A

overall mineral

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19
Q

Kjeldahl N

A

crude protein

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20
Q

ether extract

A

lipid

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21
Q

crude fiber

A

carbs (non-digestible)

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22
Q

NFE

A

carbs (digestible)

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23
Q

Where are vitamins included in proximate analysis?

A

fat soluble: ether extract
water soluble: NFE

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24
Q

Analytical method
- partitioning fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)
- NDF, ADF, ADL

A

Van soest analysis

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25
Q

NDF

A

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

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26
Q

ADF

A

cellulose, lignin

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27
Q

ADL

A

lignin

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28
Q

Analytical method
- computerized (rapid) and low cost
- dry, grind, expose to infared light
- each major organic compound reflects light differently
- database is not yet large enough

A

NIRS (near infared reflectance spectroscopy)

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29
Q

Analytical method
- not routinely done
- usually biological assays
- costly and time consuming

A

vitamin analysis

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30
Q

Dry matter basis

A

no water

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31
Q

as-fed basis

A

includes the water normally present in the feedstuffs

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32
Q

air-dry basis

A

~90% DM

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33
Q

As-fed to DM

A

nutrient concentration increases
weight decreases

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34
Q

DM to as-fed

A

nutrient concentration decreases
weight increases

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35
Q

supplies information about palatability and performance, but does not answer why

A

feeding trail

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36
Q

Digestion and metabolism trial procedure

A
  • run PA on feed
  • feed known amount
  • collect feces
  • run PA on feces
  • calculate apparent digestibility
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37
Q

Apparent digestibility formula

A

100 x ((Nut. intake - Nut. feces)/Nut. intake)

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38
Q

Methods of fecal collection

A

metabolism stalls
feces collection bags
marker fed
indicator method

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39
Q

collect urine and feces separately, animal must be able to lay down and stand freely
- cons: no females, must bring food to them, digestion changes, environment change

A

metabolism stalls

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40
Q
  • estimate fecal output
  • marker should be inert, contain no element under investigation, and not diffuse
A

marker fed

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41
Q
  • chromic oxide, lignin, naturally occurring chromagen compounds
  • apparent digestibility = 100-100x(% ind in feed/% ind in feces)x(% nut in feces/% nut in feed)
A

indicator method

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42
Q

Measure of energy
- principle limitation: does not account for important, sometimes substantial, energy losses: urine, gas, heat
- over-estimates energy content of roughages
- expressed by weight, not calories

A

total digestible nutrients (TDN)

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43
Q

TDN formula

A

100x((dig. CP + dig CF + dig NFE + (2.25xdig EE))/lb consumed)

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44
Q

Energy flow chart

A

GE -> DE -> NE (NEm+NEp)
- fecal energy = GE-DE
- urine, gas energy = DE-ME
- heat energy = ME-NE

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45
Q

Carbonaceous concentrates

A

cereal grains
grain milling by-products
other high energy feeds

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46
Q
  • contain large quantities of carbs
  • most are processed
  • less than 20% CP and less than 18% fiber
  • high energy, low fiber, low CP
A

cereal grains

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47
Q

cereal grains include

A

corn, sorghum grain (milo), oats, barley, rye, wheat and rice, millet and triticale

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48
Q
  • widely used
  • very low in Ca, Lys, and Trp
A

corn

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49
Q
  • 95-98% feeding value of corn (monogastrics)
  • 85-90% feeding value of corn (ruminants)
  • must be processed for monogastrics
  • higher than corn in CP but variable (8-12%)
  • drought resistant value for ruminants
  • tannins (toxic factor, affect CP digestion)
A

sorghum grain (milo)

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50
Q
  • 85% feeding value of corn
  • very palatable high fiber
  • groats (hulled) are equal to corn
A

oats

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51
Q
  • 88-90% feeding value of corn (ruminants)
  • 80% feeding value of corn (monogastrics)
  • limited use for swine and poultry
  • most used in brewing industry
  • high fiber
A

barley

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52
Q

what 4 grains are fed most

A

corn, milo, barley, oats

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53
Q
  • least palatable grain
  • ergot contamination (fungal toxin)
  • used in brewing and distilling industries
54
Q
  • mostly consumed by humans
  • 105% feeding value of corn
  • milling by-products used for livestock
A

wheat and rice

55
Q
  • rye x wheat hybrid
  • very minor use
  • specialty markets
A

millet and triticale

56
Q

grain milling by-products include

A

corn milling, wheat milling, rice milling, oat milling, barley milling and malting

57
Q

other high-energy feeds include

A

sprouted grains, whole cottonseed, fats and oils, molasses, roots and tubers

58
Q
  • adverse moisture during harvesting - unsuitable for milling
  • possible presence of milk
  • storage problems
A

sprouted grains

59
Q
  • very high energy (~95% TDN)
  • 24% CP
  • mature ruminants only (gossypol)
  • gossypol (inhibitor of spermatogenesis) concentrated in seed
A

whole cottonseed

60
Q
  • 2.25x as much energy as carbs
  • reasons for using: increase caloric density, control dust, decrease wear and tear on equipment, increase pelleting ease, increase palatability, uniform mix, increase digestibility
A

fats and oils

61
Q
  • most from sugar cane industry
  • very palatable
  • decrease dustiness
  • binder for pelleting
  • good carrier (urea)
  • lubricant
62
Q

Proteinaceous concentrates include

A

NPN for ruminants
supplements of plant origin
supplements of animal and marine origin
misc protein sources

63
Q

NPN for ruminants include

A

urea and biuret

64
Q
  • used by rumen microbes to synthesize protein
  • not over 1/3 of total N in ration
  • not over 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix
  • not over 10-15% of the typical protein supplement
65
Q
  • join 2 molecules of urea by heating
66
Q

supplements of plant origin include

A

SBM
CSM
LSM
Sunflower meal
safflower meal
peanut meal
rapeseed meal

67
Q
  • most widely used in US
  • solvent or mechanically extracted
  • must be heated to destroy anti-trypsin factor
  • universal yardstick
A

soybean meal

68
Q
  • southern US
  • 36-41% CP, lower quality
  • contains gossypol (limits use in swine and poultry)
  • satisfactory for ruminants
A

cottonseed meal

69
Q
  • fiber used to weave linen cloth
  • limiting in both LYS and TRP ; ok for ruminants
  • contains conditioning factor (mucin)
A

linseed meal

70
Q
  • wide range in CP and fiber content
A

sunflower meal

71
Q
  • requires less water - oil is used
  • less palatable
A

safflower meal

72
Q
  • must be aware of aflatoxins
A

peanut meal

73
Q
  • otherwise known as canola oil
  • contains erucic acid and myrosinase enzyme (canola hybrid contains less)
  • big problem with palatability
A

rapeseed meal

74
Q

supplements of animal and marine origin include

A

tankage
meat scrap
blood meal
fish meal
feather meal
milk products

75
Q
  • by-product of meat processing industry (50-60% CP)
  • processed under pressure
76
Q
  • more acceptable than tankage (45-55% CP)
  • does not contain gut, tendons, or connective tissue
A

meat scrap

77
Q
  • very high in CP with high escape value (ruminants)
  • low palatability
A

blood meal

78
Q
  • over 90% in the US is Menhaden
  • excellent quality, Ca, P, B vitamins - escape value!!
79
Q
  • high escape value for ruminants
  • low in HIS, LYS, MET, TRP
A

feather meal

80
Q
  • very expensive
  • dairy calves
  • swine starter diets
A

milk products

81
Q

Miscellaneous protein sources

A

broiler litter

82
Q
  • receive more than 20 in of rainfall per year or are irrigated
A

seeded pastures

83
Q
  • receive less than 20 in of rainfall annually
  • developed by natural selection
  • existed for many years
A

native pastures

84
Q

roughages include

A

grasses
legumes
forbes
browse

85
Q

warm season grasses include

A

bahiagrass
bermudagrass
crabgrass
dallisgrass
johnsongrass
pearl millet
switchgrass

86
Q
  • VERY aggressive
  • tolerant of low fertility
  • close grazing is desirable
A

bahiagrass

87
Q
  • common or hybrids
  • hay harvested at 4-6 week intervals
  • close grazing
A

bermudagrass

88
Q
  • weed
  • annual
  • high quality
  • very responsive to N
89
Q
  • clay and loam soils
  • better quality than bermuda
  • avoid seed head production (fungus)
A

dallisgrass

90
Q
  • weed
  • excellent hay
  • drought tolerant
  • continuous grazing?
A

johnsongrass

91
Q
  • annual
  • pasture or silage
  • large stem
  • short season
  • very productive
A

pearl millet

92
Q

cool season grasses include

A

tall fescue
orchard grass
ryegrass and small grains

93
Q
  • very good quality (possibly best)
  • very tolerant to drought, overgrazing, etc
  • but fungal toxin (endophyte) inside plant
A

tall fescue

94
Q
  • requires higher fertility than fescue
  • not tolerant to overgrazing
A

orchardgrass

95
Q
  • very suitable in southeast
  • not recommended when feeding high grain diet
A

ryegrass and small grains

96
Q

legume advantages

A
  • fix N (to make AA)
  • palatable
  • high in CP and Ca
97
Q

legume disadvantages

A
  • bloat
  • stand loss
  • costly
98
Q

legumes include

A

alfalfa
clovers
bird’s-foot trefoil
lespedeza

99
Q
  • grown extensively in west and midwest
  • very high quality
  • not tolerant to continuous grazing
100
Q
  • developed for south (heat tolerant)
  • annual = quality forage in late summer
  • periannual = sericea is most common - tannin problem
101
Q

non-grass herbs which animals eat (weeds)

102
Q

edible parts of woody vegitation

103
Q

fresh forage that is cut and chopped in the field then fed to penned animals (mostly dairies)

A

soilage (green-chop)

104
Q

dehydrating green forage to less than 20% moisture

104
Q

product of acid fermentation of green crops that have been compressed and stored anaerobically

105
Q
  • hammermill
  • burrmill
106
Q
  • compressed between 2 rollers (flake)
A

dry rolling

107
Q

made with combination of heat, moisture, and pressure

108
Q
  • crimping
  • not much improvement over dry rolling
  • short term exposure to steam
A

steam rolling

109
Q
  • long term exposure to steam
  • alters starch
  • feed becomes more digestible (cereal smell - pleasant)
A

steam flaking

110
Q
  • puffed and slightly carmalized product
111
Q
  • heat and pressure -> forced through a hole makes a ribbon -> breaks into flakes
112
Q
  • 700-800 F for 15-30 sec
113
Q

exposed to microwaves, expands but doesnt pop

A

micronizing

114
Q
  • no ADG effect
  • feed efficiency improved
  • mold, hard to store
  • 25-30% moisture
A

high moisture harvesting

115
Q
  • easier storage
  • add water to dry grain to increase moisture to 25-30%
  • may improve feed efficiency but not as much as high moisture harvesting
A

reconstituted high moisture grain

116
Q
  • expensive
  • preserve with organic acids thoroughly blended with high moisture grains
  • prevents mold growth
A

acid preserved high moisture grain

117
Q

soilage advantages

A
  • minimizes nutrent losses
  • minimizes wastage
  • less fencing
  • produces max nutrient yield/acre
118
Q

soilage disadvantages

A
  • special equipment
  • labor
  • weather related problems for harvesting
119
Q

common hay losses

A
  • shattered leaves
  • heat damage
  • fermentation
  • bleaching
  • leaching
120
Q

Haymaking systems

A

-long, loose hay
- chopped hay
- packaged hay (bales, stacks, pellets)

121
Q

silage needs

A
  • proper moisture
  • proper stage of maturity
  • proper packing
  • proper drainage
  • exclude air
122
Q

acids produced when making silage in order

A

acetic acid
lactic acid
possibly butyric acid (if pH too high)

123
Q

feeding boars

A
  • protein requirement decreases as boar gets older
  • reduce energy intake during non-breeding season
  • increase feed intake 10-14 days before breeding season
124
Q

feeding sows and gilts during pregestation

A
  • feed replacement gilts with market hogs until 200 lbs then separate and restrict energy intake until breeding
  • allows for normal growth but decreases fat deposition
125
Q

feeding gilts during breeding

A

flushing
- increase energy intake 10 d before breeding and stop immediately after
- improve health, ovulation rate, and number of live embryos

126
Q

feeding sows during breeding

A
  • usually bred at first estrus after weaning
  • only need to decrease intake at weaning since sow is already on high energy lactation diet
127
Q

feeding sows and gilts during gestation

A
  • restrict energy but not other nutrients last 1/3 of gestation
  • increase intake for gilts
  • dont mix sows and gilts
128
Q

how to restrict energy intake

A
  • individually feed
  • feed high fiber low energy diet free choice
  • feed compounds that regulate appetite (3.5% CaCl)
  • every third day feeding (gilts have 24 hours and sows have 8 hours)
129
Q

feeding sows and gilts during lactation

A
  • meet production demands
  • added fat is optimal but deteriorates feed and makes it sticky
130
Q

feeding sows and gilts during lactation benefits (of adding fat to diet)

A
  • fat content of colostrums
  • concentration of pigs liver glycogen
  • slight increase in piglet carcass fat at birth
  • improves baby pig survival
131
Q

feeding sows and gilts during lactation considerations (of adding fat to diet)

A
  • expensive
  • little effect on litter size at birth, birth weights, or weaning weights

Feeds and Feeding (5 decks)

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