Lecture Exam 5 Flashcards
What is the adapter hypothesis?
-Adapter Hypothesis: postulation that a small nucleic acid could act as an adaptor, binding to both a specific amino acid and the mRNA sequence encoding that amino acid; verified with the discovery of the tRNA
Translation
the overall process of mRNA guided protein synthesis; the tRNA adaptor translates the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA into the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide
aminoacyl-tRNA
tRNA attached to an amino acid
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
catalyze the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA
What does it mean that the DNA/RNA sequence is a nonoverlapping code?
-Codons are found in triplets to allow every codon to code for a single amino acid; once used none of the amino acids are used again
What is a reading frame?
-Reading Frame: method of dividing nucleotides such that a new codon begins every three nucleotide residues; established by the first codon; no punctuation between codons
How does a mutation affect reading frame (frame shift)? What types of mutations would be expected
to cause a frame shift?
-Insertions/Deletion adds or deletes a nucleotide from the reading frame which will shift the reading frame
How is the genetic code degenerate?
-Degenerate: an amino acid may be specified by more than one codon and is not uniform
-each codon specifies only one amino acid
How is the code optimized to decrease the impact of mutations?
What is RNA editing and what effect does it have on proteins?
-RNA editing: the addition, deletion, or alteration of RNA nucleotides in a manner that affects the meaning of the transcript during translation
-posttranscriptional editing inserts four U residues; revises the reading frame
What are the main stages of protein synthesis?
Activation of amino acids: the tRNA is aminoacylated
Initation: the mRNA and the aminoacylated tRNA bind to the small ribosomal subunit. The large subunit then binds
Elongation: successive cycles of aminoacyl-tRNA binding and peptide bond formation occur until the ribosome reaches a stop codon
Termination: translation stops when a stop codon is encountered. The mRNA and protein dissociate, and the ribosomal subunits are recycled.
Protein folding and posttranslational processing
What is the ribosome made from?
-Bacterial Ribosomes: contain ~65% rRNA (forms the core and catalyzes peptide bond formation) and ~35% protein and have two unequal subunits
How do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases “charge” tRNAs?
-tRNAs are “charged” when attatched to their amino acid (aminoacylated)
-Step 1: forms the enzyme bound intermediate ( aminoacyl-AMP)
-Step 2: transfers the aminoacyl group from enzyme-bound aminoacyl-AMP to its corresponding specific tRNA; the mechanism depends on the enzyme class
What is the initiator codon? What is the amino acid associated with it?
-AUG is the initiation codon
-Methionine is the amino acid residue associated with it
What are the terminator codons?
-UAA, UAG, UGA