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Gross Anatomy 2 > Lecture Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most posterior organ in the abdomen?

A

The Kidney (p.145)

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2
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

Remove water, salts and products of protein metabolism from the blood (p.145)

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3
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

It means that the given organ lies posterior to the peritoneum and are only covered by peritoneum on their ANT. surface (p.145)

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4
Q

Where is the kidney located relative to a given vertebral level?

A

TV12 to LV3 (p.145)

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5
Q

Where is the right kidney located relative to the left kidney?

A

The R. kidney is slightly lower than the L. kidney due to the large size of the R. lobe of the liver (p.145)

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6
Q

The hilum of the kidney transmits what structures? (4 items)

A
  1. The renal vein (anteriorly)
  2. The renal artery (b/w renal v. and ureter)
  3. Ureter (posteriorly)
  4. Autonomic and sensory nerves
    (p. 145)
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7
Q

The kidneys lie where relative to the vertebral column?

A

Lateral to the vertebral column w/n the para-vertebral grooves (p.145)

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8
Q

Strain of the psoas major is sometimes mistaken for kidney pain. Why?

A

B/C the kidneys lie ant. to the psoas major muscle (p.145)

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9
Q

The hilum of the kidney is located where on the organ?

A

On the medial surface of the organ (p.145)

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10
Q

The renal pedicle is known collectively as?

A

The structures which enter the hilum are known collectively by this term (p.145)

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11
Q

The inner portion of the kidney known as the renal medulla contains approximately how many renal pyramids?

A

8-12 (p.146)

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12
Q

How many minor calices are present in the kidney?

A

8-12, 1 for ea pyramid. (p.146)

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13
Q

The renal pyramid terminates in an apex known as?

A

The renal papilla. (p.146)

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14
Q

How many major calices are present in a kidney and where do they empty in to?

A

2-3 major channels which the minor calices empty in to. The major calices empty into the renal pelvis. (p.146)

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15
Q

Which renal v. is longer, the right or left?

A

The left is longer and has many tributaries. (p.146)

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16
Q

In the situation of an anatomical nutcracker, what structures may be compressed between the aorta and sup. mesenteric artery?

A

The left renal v. and the 3rd or inferior part of the duodenum. (p.146)

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17
Q

The kidney receives its innervation mainly from what nerve of the renal plexus?

A

The least splanchnic n. (t12). (p.147)

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18
Q

What purpose does fat around the kidney have?

A

Functions in protection, insulation, and support. (p.147)

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19
Q

List the layers covering the kidney from innermost to outermost. (4 layers)

A

Renal capsule
perinephric fat
renal fascia
paranephric fat (p.147)

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20
Q

A membranous layer of extraperitoneal tissue which splits to enclose the kidney is called?

A

The renal fascia. (p.147)

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21
Q

What does it mean if an organ is extraperitoneal?

A

It means that the organ lies in a portion of the pelvis and abdomen which is not within the peritoneum (p.147)

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22
Q

Renal calculi are composed primarily of?

A

Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, and uric acid. (p.147)

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23
Q

What artery supplies the pelvic portion of the ureter?

A

The superior vesical A. (p.148)

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24
Q

What retroperitoneal structure descends on the psoas major muscle?

A

The ureter. (p.148)

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25
Q

The upper part of the ureter lies in the ____ and the lower part lies in the ___.

A

abdomen; pelvis (p.148)

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26
Q

What are the three sites in which kidney stones can become lodged?

A

The ureteropelvic junction, the pelvic brim, and where the ureter enters the wall of the bladder (p.148)

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27
Q

What five arteries supply the ureter?

A

renal a., gonadal a., aorta, common iliac a., superior vesical a, (p.148)

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28
Q

The renal plexus and the hypogastric plexus supply innervation to what structure in the abdomen and pelvis?

A

the ureter (p.148)

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29
Q

The suprarenal gland consists of two parts that secrete two different hormones. Name the parts are their corresponding hormones.

A

Medulla - Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Cortex - Secretes corticosteroids
(p.148)

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30
Q

What retroperitoneal organ lies on the superomedial aspect of the kidney?

A

The suprarenal gland. (p.148)

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31
Q

What three arteries supply the suprarenal gland?

A

Superior suprarenal artery from the inferior phrenic A.
Middle suprarenal artery from the aorta
Inferior suprarenal artery from the renal A.
(p.149)

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32
Q

How does the drainage of the right suprarenal vein differ from the left suprarenal vein?

A

R. suprarenal v. drains directly into the inferior vena cava.
L. suprarenal v. drains into the left renal v.
(p.149)

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33
Q

What is unique about the innervation of the suprarenal gland?

A

The suprarenal gland relative to its size has the largest autonomic nerve supply of any organ because of the fight or flight response and the need for rapid response to environmental stimuli via the hormones it releases
(p.149)

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34
Q

Suprarenal innervation is?

A

Primarily sympathetic from the celiac plexus and the thoracic splanchnic nerves
(p.149)

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35
Q

Pain from the kidney or suprarenal gland is often referred to what region?

A

The paralumbar region, or flank.
Remember from the loin to the groin
(p.149)

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36
Q

Kidney infection is more common in males or females and why?

A

Females because of the short urethra.

p.149

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37
Q

This part of the abdominal diaphragm originates from the upper three lumbar vertebrae and splits to surround the esophagus.

A

Right Crus.
Weakness of the right crus is cause for a hiatal hernia.
(p.150)

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38
Q

What ligament forms the border of the aortic hiatus?

A

The median arcuate ligament. (p.150)

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39
Q

The medial arcuate ligament connects the body of LV1 to the TVP of LV1 and passes over what two structures?

A

Psoas major and the sympathetic trunk

p.150

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40
Q

A positive psoas sign is indicative/suggests?

A

Appendicitis

p.150

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41
Q

The psoas minor muscle is present in approximately what percentage of people?

A

60%

p.150

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42
Q

Name the functions of the iliacus muscle. (2 of them)

A

Flexes the thigh and tilts the pelvis forward

p.150

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43
Q

What muscle associated with the abdominal diaphragm functions in forced expiration and coughing?

A

The quadratus lumborum muscle.

p.151

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44
Q

The lumbar plexus is formed by what nerve rootlets?

A

The anterior primary rami of L1 2 3 and PART of L4

p.151

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45
Q

This nerve of the lumbar plexus accompanies the spermatic cord in males and round ligament of the uterus in females through the inguinal canal.

A

The ilioinguinal n.

p.151

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46
Q

The iliacus muscle is the landmark used to find what nerve?

A

The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh (L2,3)

p.151

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47
Q

Which two nerves of the lumbar plexus are common to the L1 APR and exclusive to it?

A

The iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves.

P.151

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48
Q

What nerve supplies the cremaster muscle?

A

The Genital branch of the genitofemoral n.

p.151

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49
Q

What is the largest branch of the lumbar plexus?

A

The femoral n. (L234) Supplies the muscles and skin of the thigh.
(p.151)

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50
Q

The sacral plexus is formed from the?

A

Anterior primary rami of L4-S4.

p.151

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51
Q

The abdominal aorta is a ___ structure whereas the thoracic aorta is biased towards the ___.

A

Midline; left

p.152

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52
Q

The abdominal aorta passes through what before it descends anterior to the vertebral bodies?

A

Aortic hiatus

p.152

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53
Q

At what point does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?

A

Anterior to LV4

p.152

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54
Q

The right and left common iliac arteries bifurcate into?

A

The external and internal common ilia arteries.

p.152

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55
Q

These arteries are synonymous with the posterior intercostal arteries.

A 
Lumbar arteries (there are 4 pairs of them)
(p.152)
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56
Q

Name the branches of the abdominal aorta.

A 
Come, Celiac Trunk
See, Superior mesenteric a.
It, Inferior mesenteric a.
In, Inferior phrenic a. 
My, Middle suprarenal a.
Race, Renal a. 
Go, Gonadal (testicular or ovarian) a. 
Low, Lumbar a.'s (4 pairs)
Man, Median Sacral a.
(p.152)
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57
Q

Why are the ilia laterally flared?

A

To support abdominal structures and prevent them from falling out the bottom of the pelvis
(p.153)

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58
Q

Protection of the pelvic viscera occurs exclusively within which portion of the pelvis?

A

The true pelvis

p.153

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59
Q

The pelvic cavity projects where relative to the abdominal cavity?

A

Posteriorly

p.153

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60
Q

What two structures of the pelvis lie in the same vertical plane when the pelvis is in anatomical position?

A

The ASIS and the upper margin of the pubic symphysis

p.153

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61
Q

The tip of the coccyx and the upper margin of the pubic symphysis lie in the same ____.

A

Horizontal plane

p.153

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62
Q

The pelvis is formed by what four bones?

A

Left Hip Bone, Right hip bone, sacrum, and the coccyx

p.153

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63
Q

Name the specific borders of the Pelvic inlet. (5)

A

Sacral promontory, sacral alae, arcuate line, pecten pubis, and pubic crest.
(p.154)

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64
Q

What is the difference between the pelvic brim and the pelvic inlet?

A

The pelvic inlet is like walking through a door, the pelvic brim (linea terminalis) is like a door frame.
(p.154)

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65
Q

What stucture of the pelvis divides the pelvis into a true and false pelvis?

A

The pelvic brim, True pelvis below it and false pelvis above it
(p.154)

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66
Q

Name the two functions of the false pelvis.

A
  1. to serve as an attachment site for muscles 2. To support abdominal viscera
    (p. 154)
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67
Q

The lower part of the GI tract, urinary bladder, lower part of the ureter, and internal reproductive organs are all contained in the?

A

True or lesser pelvis

p.154

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68
Q

The boundaries of the pelvic outlet are?

A

Pubic symphysis, Ischiopubic rami, ischial tuberosities, sacrotuberous ligament, and the tip of the coccyx
(p.154)

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69
Q

What fills the pelvic outlet?

A

The perineum

p.154

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70
Q

The pubic arch is formed by the?

A

Pubic symphysis, ischiopubic rami, and ischial tuberosities

p.154

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71
Q

What type of pelvis is present in some males, 20% of females and characterized by a long a-p diameter and a short transverse diameter?

A

Anthropoid pelvis

p.155

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72
Q

What is the ideal pelvis for childbirth?

A

Gynecoid pelvis

p.155

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73
Q

This type of pelvis is rare in males and present in 2% of females.

A 
Platypelloid pelvis
(p.155)
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74
Q

The male pelvic inlet is usually heart shaped whereas the female pelvic inlet is usually___.

A

Oval shaped

p.155

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75
Q

The subpubic angle is larger in males or females?

A

Females

p.155

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76
Q

This joint is the least mobile synovial joint in the body.

A

The Sacroiliac joint

p.155

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77
Q

The pubic symphysis is a fibrocartilaginous joint and contains?

A

An interpubic disc.

p.155

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78
Q

This joint contains an intervertebral disc and is often fused.

A

Sacrococcygeal joint.

p.155

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79
Q

What hormone causes the joints of the pelvis to become more lax during pregnancy?

A

Relaxin

p.156

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80
Q

Both ligaments of the pelvis extend from the sacrum and coccyx. Where do each of them go?

A

Sacrotuberous lig- ischial tuberosity
Sacrospinous lig- ischial spine
(p.156)

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81
Q

The greater and lesser sciatic foramen each open up where relative to the pelvic floor?

A

Greater sciatic foramen opens up above the pelvic floor
Lesser sciatic foramen opens up below the pelvic floor
(p.156)

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82
Q

What structures are common to/ pass through both the lesser and greater sciatic foramina?

A

The pudendal nerve, internal pudendal vessels, and the nerve to the obturator internus pass through both the greater and lesser sciatic foramina. (P.156)

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83
Q

Almost all structures transmitted by the greater sciatic foramen lie on top of what muscle?

A

The piriformis muscle. (P.156)

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84
Q

What sciatic foramen transmits the tendon of the Obturator Internus muscle?

A

The lesser sciatic foramen. (P.156)

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85
Q

What are the intrapelvic causes of sciatica?

A

Piriformis syndrome, Compression by the fetal head during pregnancy, and pelvic tumors. (P.157)

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86
Q

The lateral wall of the pelvis is covered primarily by ____ and the lateral portion of the posterior wall of the pelvis is covered by ___.

A

Obturator internus muscle and Obturator fascia; Piriformis muscle and Coccygeus muscle
(P.157)

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87
Q

The bony framework of the posterior wall of the pelvis is comprised by?

A

The sacrum and coccyx.

P.157

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88
Q

The bony framework of the lateral wall of the pelvis is comprised by?

A

The portion of the hip bone which lies below the pelvic brim.
(P.157)

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89
Q

What structures give support to the abdominal and pelvic viscera?

A

Peritoneum (above) and the pelvic diaphragm (below). (P.157)

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90
Q

The ____ is the lowest point in the peritoneum in males whereas the ____ is the lowest point in the peritoneum in females.

A

Retrovesical pouch; Rectouterine pouch

P.158

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91
Q

The ____ is the major support structure support structure for the pelvic viscera which consists of the coccygeus and the levator ani.

A

Pelvic Diaphragm

P.158

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92
Q

This opening within the pelvic diaphragm is present in both sexes.

A

The anal aperture.

P.158

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93
Q

What does the urogenital Hiatus transmit in males and females?

A

The urogenital hiatus transmits the urethra in males and the urethra and vagina in females. (P.158)

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94
Q

If someone is performing kegal exercises, they are utilizing what muscle?

A

The levator ani. (P.158)

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95
Q

What condition may occur in two of the peritoneum pouches?

A

Ascites may occur in the rectovesical pouch and the rectouterine pouch.
(P.158)

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96
Q

What parts of the levator ani function in micturition?

A

The puboprostaticus in males and pubovaginalis in females. Specifically they stop the flow of urine.
(P.159)

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97
Q

What division of the levator ani relaxes during defecation and also aids in parturition by directing the fetal head?

A

Puborectalis muscle.

P.159

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98
Q

At approximately ____ vertebral level the abdominal aorta bifurcates in to the left and right common iliac artery.

A

LV4

P.160

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99
Q

What structures does the external iliac artery supply in the pelvis?

A

None.

P.160

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100
Q

This artery is crossed anteriorly by the ureter at the pelvic brim.

A

The internal Iliac artery.

P.160

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101
Q

What branch of the Internal Iliac artery supplies the psoas major and quadratus lumborum muscles?

A

The lumbar branch of the iliolumbar artery which is a branch of the posterior trunk of the internal iliac.
(P.160)

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102
Q

Between the lumboscral trunk and the 1st sacral nerve we would expect to find what?

A

The superior gluteal artery.

P.160

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103
Q

Between the 1st and 2nd, or 2nd and 3rd sacral nerves we would expect to find what?

A

The inferior gluteal artery.

P.160

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104
Q

What arteries exit the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, and internal pudendal arteries.
(P.161)

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105
Q

What would we expect to find exiting the pelvis between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles?

A

Internal pudendal artery.

P.161

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106
Q

What artery in the female specimen is synonymous with the ductus deferens in males?

A

The uterine artery.

P.161

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107
Q

What other branch comes directly off of the abdominal aorta besides the left and right common iliac arteries?

A

The gonadal artery

P.161

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108
Q

This artery arises from behind the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta.

A

The median sacral artery. (Unpaired) (p.161)

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109
Q

The superior rectal artery is a branch from the?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery.

P.161

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110
Q

Most structures from the pelvis drain into the ____ system except the Rectum and anal canal which have some ____ drainage.

A

Caval system; portal

P.162

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111
Q

The inferior vena cava is comprised of the union of the?

A

The left and right common iliac veins.

P.162

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112
Q

Which portion of the sacral plexus enters the pelvis through the anterior sacral foramina?

A

Anterior primary rami of s1-s4.

P.162

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113
Q

What muscles prevent the pelvis from slumping to the unsupported side during gait?

A

The ant. Gluteal muscles.

P.162

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114
Q

What nerve enters the perineum through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

The nerve to the obturator internus muscle.

P.162

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115
Q

What large muscle that we typically think of as a powerful hip extender actually is more involved with getting up from a seated position?

A

The gluteus Maximus.

P.162

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116
Q

What nerve of the sacral plexus plays an integral role in the ability to maintain the integrity of the pelvic floor?

A

Nerves to levator ani and coccygeus muscles (s3 s4)

P.163

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117
Q

What nerve is thought to play a role in sexual dysfunction?

A

The pudendal nerve (s2-4)

P.163

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118
Q

What nerve roots comprise the coccygeal plexus?

A

The ventral primary rami of S4, 5 and the coccygeal nerve.

P.163

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119
Q

What joins together in front of the coccyx to form the ganglion impar?

A

The left and right sympathetic trunks.

P.163

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120
Q

How do sympathetic fibers reach the pelvis?

A

1 of 2 ways. 1, the downward continuation of the sympathetic trunk and 2, the downward continuation of the aortic plexus as the superior hypogastric plexus.
(P.163)

121
Q

The aortic plexus becomes the superior hypogastric plexus after passing what landmark?

A

The bifurcation of the abdominal aorta into the right and left common iliac arteries.
(P.164)

122
Q

Does the superior hypogastric plexus typically contain any parasympathetic fibers?

A

Not usually.

P.164

123
Q

What connects the superior hypogastric plexus to the inferior hypogastric plexus?

A

The left and right hypogastric nerves.

P.164

124
Q

The union of the hypogastric, pelvic splanchnic, and sacral splanchnic nerves is known as the?

A

Left and right Inferior hypogastric plexuses.

P.164

125
Q

The inferior hypogastric plexuses give rise to subsidiary plexuses which do what?

A

Supply the pelvic viscera.

P.164

126
Q

The Rectum is part of the ______ between _____ and anal canal.

A

Large intestine, sigmoid colon

P.164

127
Q

T/F. The rectum is part of the colon.

A

FALSE

P.164

128
Q

What rectal structure would we expect to find immediately above the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The rectal ampulla. (P.164)

129
Q

How many rectal folds are found within the rectum?

A

There are three within the rectum. (p.165)

130
Q

What forms the outer layer of the rectum?

A

The taeniae coli are spread out to form a more complete outer layer of the rectum. The Rectum has no mesentary, omental appendices, or haustra.
(p.165)

131
Q

Is the rectum retroperitoneal?

A

The upper and middle third of the rectum is retroperitoneal. The lower third is entirely subperineal.
(p.165)

132
Q

What are the boundaries of the anal canal?

A

The anal canal is the portion of the large intestine between the pelvic diaphragm and the anus.
(p.165)

133
Q

What are the anal columns comprised of?

A

5-10 longitudinal folds of mucosa located in the upper half of the the anal canal. Each contains a small branch of the superior rectal artery and a small tributary of the superior rectal vein.
(p.165)

134
Q

Anal valves connect?

A

The lower end of the anal columns.

p.165

135
Q

What is contained within the anal sinuses?

A

The anal sinuses contain mucous glands.

136
Q

The pectinate line of the anal canal is the termination of what embryological development?

A

Termination of the hindgut.

p.165

137
Q

This muscular layer of the anal canal is under involuntary control and comprised of smooth muscle located below the pelvic diaphragm?

A

The internal anal sphincter.

p.165

138
Q

What part of the external anal sphincter is most superficial of the three parts?

A

The subcutaneous part.

p.166

139
Q

What is the function of the external anal sphincter?

A

To close the anal orifice. Note, contraction can be increased voluntarily.
(p.166)

140
Q

What four arteries supply the Rectum and the anal canal?

A

The superior rectal, middle rectal, inferior rectal, and median sacral arteries.
(p.166)

141
Q

Internal hemorrhoids are varicosities of the?

A

Superior rectal vein.

p.166

142
Q

What kind of hemmorrhoids are generally painless?

A

Internal Hemorrhoids.

p.166

143
Q

Varicosities of the ___ vein are associated with external hemorrhoids.

A

The inferior rectal veins.

p.166

144
Q

What morbid underlying condition is a cause for both internal and external hemorrhoids?

A

Portal hypertension.

p.166

145
Q

The pectinate line divides?

A

The anal canal into an upper two thirds and a lower one third.
(p.167)

146
Q

The epithelium of the anal canal differs above and below the pectinate line. Explain.

A

Above the pectinate line the cells are columnar or cuboidal, below the pectinate line the epithelium is stratified or squamous.
(p.167)

147
Q

How does the sigmoid column empty its contents and where does it empty to?

A

Through mass peristaltic movements, into the rectum.

p.167

148
Q

What muscle relaxes during defecation, therefore decreasing the angle of the perineal flexure?

A

The puborectalis muscle.

p.167

149
Q

During defecation, what opens the internal anal sphincter?

A

The increase in intra-abdominal pressure.

p.167

150
Q

Which anal sphincter is relaxed under voluntary control?

A

The external anal sphincter.

p.167

151
Q

How does bladder position differ between males and females?

A

The bladder is slightly lower in females than males.

p.168

152
Q

Where is the urinary bladder located?

A

The urinary bladder is located below the peritoneum.

p.168

153
Q

When the bladder is empty it lies where?

A

When the bladder is empty it lies entirely within the pelvis and rests against the pubis and the adjacent pelvic floor.
(p.168)

154
Q

As the urinary bladder fills, its position changes how?

A

As the urinary bladder fills with urine, it rises into the abdomen and may reach as high as the umbilicus.
(p.168)

155
Q

Where do the ureters meet the bladder?

A

As the ureters travel subperitoneally along the lateral wall of the pelvis, the ureters enter or meet the bladder at the fundus of the bladder.
(p.168)

156
Q

What is the purpose of the retropubic fat pad?

A

It functions as a shock absorber to cushion the bladder when empty from ramming up against the pubis.
(p.168)

157
Q

Why do females have to urinate frequently during pregnancy?

A

Frequent urination during pregnancy is a result of the position of the uterus over the bladder. When the uterus enlarges with pregnancy it puts pressure on the bladder therefore stimulating the urge to urinate.
(p.168)

158
Q

What holds the bladder in place?

A

The puboprostatic or pubovesical ligament and the lateral ligament of the bladder.
(p.169)

159
Q

What function does the detrusor muscle have?

A

It is a smooth muscle that drains the bladder. (p.169)

160
Q

What prevents the reflux of semen into the bladder and the reflux of urine into the ureters and kidney?

A

The internal urethral sphincter. (p.169)

161
Q

In what orientation do the ureters travel?

A

The ureters travel obliquely through the bladder wall in an inferomedial direction.
(p.169)

162
Q

Blood supply to the urinary bladder is via the?

A

Superior and inferior visical arteries and the vaginal artery.
(p.169)

163
Q

Prostatic and vesical plexuses are extensions of?

A

The inferior hypogastric plexus.

p.170

164
Q

What initiates the micturition reflex?

A

Bladder fullness.

p.170

165
Q

Bedwetting if formally known as?

A

Enuresis

p.170

166
Q

Activation of parasympathetic fibers from the pelvic splanchnic nerves (S234) causes contraction of _____ in both sexes and relaxation of the ______ in males only.

A

detrusor muscle; internal urethral sphincter

p.170

167
Q

The external urethral sphincter is under voluntary or involuntary control?

A

Voluntary control

p.170

168
Q

The ductus deferens carries sperm from ____ to ____.

A

From the testis to the ejaculatory duct.

p.170

169
Q

Where does the ductus deferens begin?

A

At the tail of the epididymis.

p.170

170
Q

The ductus deferens cross over what structure as it descends posterior to the bladder, medial to the seminal vesicle?

A

The ureter.

p.171

171
Q

The ductus deferens receives its innervation from the?

A

Superior and inferior hypogastric plexus

p.171

172
Q

The seminal vesicles are located where relative to the bladder?

A

Against the fundus of the bladder.

p.171

173
Q

The lower ends of the _____ become narrow and form ducts which join the ductus deferens to form the ejaculatory ducts.

A

Seminal vesicles

p.171

174
Q

What is the purpose of the alkaline secretion of the seminal vesicles in semen?

A

To neutralize the acidity of the vagina which is harmful to sperm.
(p.171)

175
Q

Innervation of the seminal vesicles is via?

A

The inferior hypogastric plexus.

p.171

176
Q

The ejaculatory duct is formed by?

A

The union of the ductus deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle.
(p.171)

177
Q

The two ejaculatory ducts open into the____?

A

Seminal colliculus within the prostatic urethra.

p.171

178
Q

Blood supply to the ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, and the ejaculatory duct is via?

A

The artery to the ductus deferens, the inferior vesical artery, and the middle rectal artery. The inferior vesical artery is noted to be the most important.
(p.171)

179
Q

How does the bladder differ in position between males and females?

A

The bladder is higher in males than in females.

p.172

180
Q

The prostate gland is composed of what kinds of tissue?

A

Smooth muscle, glandular tissue, and fibrous tissue.

p.172

181
Q

What is the function of the prostate?

A

To produce semen.

p.172

182
Q

Describe the relative position of the prostate gland in the pelvis.

A

It sits below the bladder, surrounds the urethra, posterior to the pubic symphysis, and immediately anterior to the rectal ampulla, in which the gland can be palpated through.
(p.172)

183
Q

What part of the prostate contains no glandular tissue?

A

The part that lies anterior to the urethra, the isthmus.

p.172

184
Q

The two ejaculatory ducts, and the prostatic utricle open onto what structure within the prostatic urethra?

A

Seminal colliculus.

p.172

185
Q

The prostatic utricle is synonymous with what structure in females?

A

The uterus.

p.172

186
Q

What structure within the prostatic urethra receives the ducts of the prostate gland?

A

Prostatic sinus.

p.172

187
Q

The prostate receives its innervation from the?

A

Prostatic plexus and the inferior hypogastric plexus.

p.172

188
Q

Difficulty with micturition in men over 40 is a common symptom of?

A

Prostatic hypertrophy via compression of the urethra.

p.173

189
Q

Prostatic cancer can metastasize through?

A

Blood and lymph.

p.173

190
Q

How might prostate cancer spread to the vertebral column and pelvis?

A

Via connections between the prostatic and sacral venous plexus
(p.173)

191
Q

Chronic inflammation of the prostate or prostate cancer may refer to pain?

A

The sacrum.

p.173

192
Q

What function do the ovaries have?

A

The ovaries produce oocytes after puberty and also have an endocrine function.
(p.174)

193
Q

What hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A

Estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin.

p.174

194
Q

Describe the relative position of the ovary.

A

The ovary is located on the posterior aspect of the broad ligament on the lateral wall of the true pelvis. The ovaries lie within the ovarian fossa.
(p.174)

195
Q

What are the boundaries of the ovarian fossa?

A

The obliterated umbilical artery anteriorly, and the ureter and internal iliac vessels posteriorly.
(p.174)

196
Q

T/F. The ovary is covered in peritoneum.

A

False. The ovary is not covered by peritoneum.

p.174

197
Q

The oocyte is expelled from the ovary into what before entering the uterine tube?

A

The peritoneal cavity.

p.174

198
Q

The ligament of the ovary attaches the ovary to?

A

The body of the uterus.

p.174

199
Q

______ extends from the ovary to the pelvic brim and contains the ovarian vessels.

A

The Suspensory ligament of ovary.

p.174

200
Q

The ovaries receive their blood supply from?

A

The ovarian artery (from the abdominal aorta) and the ovarian branch of the uterine artery.
(p.174)

201
Q

The ovary receives innervation from the?

A

Ovarian plexus.

p.174

202
Q

The uterine tubes extend from the _____ near the ovary to the ______.

A

peritoneal cavity, cavity of the uterus

p.174

203
Q

The uterine tubes transport oocytes from the ____ to the ____.

A

Ovary, uterus

p.175

204
Q

The passage of an oocyte takes approximately how much time?

A

3-4 days.

p.175

205
Q

T/F. Sperm are transported in the opposite direction compared to the transport of an oocyte.

A

True. The uterine tubes transport sperm from the uterus towards the ovary.
(p.175)

206
Q

What are the two most common sites of fertilization?

A
  1. Ampulla of the uterine tube.
  2. Infundibulum of the uterine tube.
    (p. 175)
207
Q

The opening of the uterine tube near the ovary is called the?

A

Abdominal ostium.

p.175

208
Q

What is the narrowest external part of the uterine tube nearest the uterus called?

A

The isthmus.

p.175

209
Q

The longest and widest part of the uterine tube is called the ?

A

The ampulla.

p.175

210
Q

T/F. There is a gap between the abdominal ostium and the ovary. They are not connected.

A

True.

p.175

211
Q

When an oocyte is discharged from the ovary, what catches the oocyte?

A

The fimbriae.

p.175

212
Q

Why is there a double source of blood to the female reproductive structures?

A

So that there is always a back up source of blood should something happen to one arterial source during parturition.
(p.175)

213
Q

Fertilization takes place in what structure?

A

The uterine tubes. Most commonly the ampulla followed by the infundibulum.
(p.175)

214
Q

When tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside of the uterus it is known as?

A

Endometriosis. (Endometrial cells line the uterus)

p.176

215
Q

The development of the fetus at some site other than the uterine cavity is known as?

A

An ectopic pregnancy.

p.176

216
Q

The most common type of ectopic pregnancy is known as?

A

Tubal ectopic pregnancy.

p.176

217
Q

Abdominal ectopic pregnancy is the development of the fetus in the?

A

The Rectouterine pouch.

p.176

218
Q

After menopause, what happens to the uterus?

A

There is an increase in fibrous tissue and cyst development.

p.176

219
Q

Embedding of the fertilized oocyte and fetal development usually occur in the?

A

The uterus.

p.176

220
Q

The birth canal is formed by the?

A

The cavities of the uterus and the vagina.

p.176

221
Q

The walls of the uterus are thick and muscular and the utuerus is shaped like a pear in what type of woman?

A

The nulliparous woman. (one with no children)

p.176

222
Q

The normal position of the uterus is?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed.

p.176

223
Q

The position of the uterus can change depending on?

A

The fullness of the bladder because it sits on top of it.

p.176

224
Q

Severe menstrual cramps, painful parturition, and increased risk of uterine prolapse are all associated with?

A

Retroversion of the uterus.

p.176

225
Q

The fundus of the uterus is located where relative to the uterine tubes?

A

Superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes.

p.176

226
Q

This part of the uterus is located inferior to the fundus and superior to the isthmus.

A

The body of the uterus.

p.176

227
Q

Anteversion is when the lower end of the uterus forms an approximate right angle with what structure?

A

The vagina.

p.176

228
Q

Anteflexion is when the uterus is bent downward the the junction of the?

A

Body of the uterus and the cervix.

p.176

229
Q

The isthmus of the uterus is also known as the?

A

The internal os.

p.177

230
Q

The cervix of the uterus has two parts. Name them.

A

The supravaginal part (the portion above the vagina) and the vaginal part (the portion within the vagina).
(p.177)

231
Q

The opening of the cervical canal into the vagina is known as the?

A

The external os.

p.177

232
Q

The ____ extends from the internal os (isthmus) to the external os.

A

The cervical canal.

p.177

233
Q

The broad ligament is composed of?

A

A double layer of peritoneum.

p.177

234
Q

The broad ligament encloses what structures?

A

The uterine tubes.

p.177

235
Q

The round ligament of the uterus attaches?

A

The uterus below and anterior to the entrance of the uterine tubes.
(p.177)

236
Q

What ligament terminates in the labia majora and passes through the inguinal canal?

A

The round ligament of the uterus.

p.177

237
Q

This ligament is a thickening of pelvis fascia which passes laterally from the cervix to merge with the upper fascia of the pelvic diaphragm.

A

The transverse cervical Ligament.

p.177

238
Q

When the uterus enlarges it can cause traction on what ligament?

A

The uterosacral ligament which passes backward from the cervix in the rectouterine fold to attach to the sacrum.
(p.177)

239
Q

What structure is always in danger during a hysterectomy?

A

The ureter.

p.177

240
Q

What structures support the uterus?

A

The pelvic diaphragm, broad ligament, bladder, and the pubocervical ligament, transverse cervical ligament, and the uterosacral ligament.
(p.178)

241
Q

Blood supply to the uterus is via the?

A

Uterine A. from the internal Iliac A. and the ovarian artery from the abdominal aorta.
(p.178)

242
Q

Which lymph nodes of the uterus are most important for cervical cancer?

A

The internal iliac nodes which drain the cervix.

p.178

243
Q

The uterus is innervated via the uterovaginal plexus but responds primarily to?

A

Hormonal signals.

p.178

244
Q

The vaginal cavity communicates with the cervical canal above via the _____ and the vestibule below via the _____.

A

External os, vaginal orifice

p.178

245
Q

The fornix of the vagina is a recess between?

A

The cervix and the wall of the vagina.

P.178

246
Q

Why are vaginal fornices identified?

A

They are used in case histories during gynecological exams to report areas of lesion.
(p.178.)

247
Q

The superior expanded portion of the vagina below the cervix is called?

A

The vaginal vault.

p.179

248
Q

What structures support the vagina?

A

The levator ani, perineal body, perineal membrane, and the pubocervical lig., transverse cervical lig., and the uterosacral lig.
(p.179)

249
Q

The vaginal A. is from the internal iliac A. but sometimes has a common trunk with the?

A

Uterine A.

p.179

250
Q

The vagina has lymphatic drainage via the ___ nodes.

A

The internal iliac nodes which drain the upper 3/4 and the superficial inguinal nodes with drain the lower 1/4.
(p.179)

251
Q

T/F. The vagina is highly sensitive.

A

False. The vagina has little sensation except in the lowermost part.
(p.179)

252
Q

Bulging of the bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina is known as?

A

Cystocele. May cause difficulty in micturition.

p.179

253
Q

Bulging of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina is known as?

A

Rectocele. May cause difficulty in defecation.

p.179

254
Q

What muscle is crucial in maintaining pelvic floor integrity?

A

The purborectalis muscle. It is a subdivision or part of the levator ani and also helps to guide the fetal head during parturition in women.
(p.180)

255
Q

In uterine prolapse, the uterus slips down into the vagina and descends to an abdominally low level in the pelvis. What may protrude externally through the vaginal orifice in this happens?

A

The cervix.

(p.180)

256
Q

What are the risk factors of uterine prolapse?

A

Multiple births and a Retroverted uterus.

p.180

257
Q

Pain from a retroverted uterus, inflammation of the uterine lining, or traction on the uterosacral ligament may refer pain to the?

A

Sacrum.

p.180

258
Q

Severe menstrual cramps may be related to?

A

L1 or L2 subluxations.

p.180

259
Q

Visceral causes of Sacral pain in males may come from?

A

Prostatitis in younger males and prostate cancer in older males.
(p.180)

260
Q

The perineum shares the same boundaries as the?

A

The pelvic outlet.

p.180

261
Q

In anatomical position, the _____ triangle of the perineum lies in the horizontal plane whereas the ____ triangle of the perineum is tilted slightly upward.

A

urogenital, anal

p.180

262
Q

The crus of the penis and the clitoris and the bulb of the penis and vestibule in both sexes are formed by?

A

Cavernous erectile tissue

p.181

263
Q

Name the boundaries of the urogenital triangle.

A

Pubic symphysis, Ischial tuberosities, and the ischiopubic rami.
(p.181)

264
Q

The superficial perineal fascia contains the?

A

Fatty layer of superficial fascia and the deep layer of membranous fascia.
(p.181)

265
Q

What layer of fascia is continuous with the dartos layer of the scrotum and with scarpa’s fascia?

A

Colles fascia or the membranous layer of the superficial perineal fascia.
(p.181)

266
Q

What layer of fascia deeply invests the muscles of the superficial perineal pouch?

A

The deep perineal fascia.

p.181

267
Q

The deep perineal fascia is fused anteriorly with?

A

The suspensory ligament of the penis or clitoris.

p.181

268
Q

The superficial perineal pouch lies between what?

A

The superficial perineal fascia and the perineal membrane.

p.181

269
Q

What artery and nerve are contained within the superficial perineal pouch?

A

The internal pudendal artery and the pudendal nerve.

p.181

270
Q

The perineal body is composed of what type of tissue?

A

Fibromuscluar.

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271
Q

The perineal body is an important site for?

A

Muscle attachment.

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272
Q

What muscles attach to the perineal body?

A

Bulbospongious, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal, levator ani, and sphincter ani externus
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273
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernousus muscle?

A

It impedes venous return by compressing the crus of the penis or clitoris thereby maintaining erection.
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274
Q

What is an episiotomy?

A

It is an incision from the posterior vaginal wall to the perineal body which is done to prevent damage to the perineum during parturition.
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275
Q

In males, what does the bulbospongiosus muscle do?

A

It impedes venous return to help maintain an erection, compresses the bulb of the penis and constricts the corpus spongiosum to empty the urethra at the end of micturition and during ejaculation.
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276
Q

In females, what does the bulbospongiosus muscle do?

A

It maintains erection of the clitoris by impeding venous return and constricts the vaginal orifice.
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277
Q

The greater vestibular glands are homologous to what in males?

A

The bulbourethral gland in males.

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278
Q

Located in the superficial perineal pouch posterior to the bulb of the vestibule we would find?

A

The greater vestibular glands.

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279
Q

Parasympathetic activation of S234 causes dilation of what arteries?

A

Helicine arteries within the corpora cavernosa.

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280
Q

What muscles maintain erection?

A

The ischiocavernosus and the bulbospongiosus.

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281
Q

Between the perineal membrane and the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm we find?

A

The deep perineal pouch.

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282
Q

What structures are common to the superficial and deep perineal pouches?

A

The internal pudendal artery and the pudendal nerve.

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283
Q

Which perineal pouch containes part of the urethra?

A

The deep perineal pouch.

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284
Q

Female urinary incontinence following parturtion may be caused by?

A

Damage to the external urethral sphincter.

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285
Q

What structure invests the anterior part of the prostatic urethra with the isthmus of the prostate?

A

The superior part of the external urethral sphincter muscle.

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286
Q

The true anatomical sphincter in males is the?

A

Inferior part of the External urethral sphincter muscle.

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287
Q

Which part of the external urethral sphincter muscle encircles both the urethra and the vagina?

A

The sphincter of the urethrovaginalis.

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288
Q

The ducts of the ___ travel downward through the perineal membrane into the bulb of the penis to empty into the spongy urethra.

A

Bulbourethral glands.

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289
Q

The bulbourethral glands in males are synonymous with what in females?

A

The greater vestibular glands.

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290
Q

Although the bulbourethral glands are synonymous with the greater vestibular glands they differ in their location. Name their respective pouches.

A

The greater vestibular glands in females are located in the superficial perineal pouch whereas the bulbourethral glands in males are located in the deep perineal pouch.
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291
Q

T/F. The anal triangle is identical in both sexes containing the anal canal, external anal sphincter, and the ischioanal fossa.

A

True.

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292
Q

The lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa is formed by?

A

Obturator fascia.

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293
Q

What is contained within the ischioanal fossa?

A

Fat that fxns to support the anal canal, pudendal canal, inferior rectal nerve and vessels, and the perineal branch of the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh.
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294
Q

What prevents rectal prolapse and allows distension of the anal canal?

A

Fat in the ischioanal fossa.

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295
Q

How can infection spread from the anal region to the urogenital triangle?

A

Via the anterior recesses of the ischioanal fossa.

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296
Q

What connects the external anal sphincter to coccyx?

A

The anococcygeal ligament.

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297
Q

The pudendal canal lies on the lateral surface of the ischioanal fossa; therefore, the fossa is formed by?

A

Obturator fascia.

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298
Q

The internal pudendal artery and the pudendal nerve are transmitted by what in the anal triangle?

A

The pudendal canal.

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Gross Anatomy 2 (1 decks)

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